1、SECTION C THE THYROID,1. Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Hormone 2. Function of Thyroid Hormone 3. Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion,1. Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Hormone Thyroid Hormone ： T4 (tetraiodothyronine/thyroxin)- 93% T3 (Triiodothyronine) - 7% Material of Thyroid Horm
2、one synthesis: Iodide and TG (Thyroglobulin),Elementary Process of synthesis: Iodide trapping Iodide oxidation organification of thyroglobulin,Synthesis,Synthesis and Secretion,2.1 Increase Metabolic Actions 2.2 Improve Growth and Development 2.3 Effects on Specific Systems,2. Function of Thyroid Ho
3、rmone,Calorigenic action-BMR28% T4 : 1000kCal/mg(4200kJ/ mg),（1）Increase the quantity of heat production and BMR,2.1 Increase Metabolic Actions,(2) Effects on substance metabolism Glycometabolism carbohydrate absorption hepatic glycogen resolved glycogen Synthesis utilization of glucose， Insulin sec
4、retion,Glucose,Glucose, Protein metabolism Increase synthesis of protein But T3 .T4 protein breakdown, Fat metabolism: Increase fatty acid release to provide energy cholesterin: synthesize，analyze,2.2 Improve Growth and Development,Promote growth and development of the brain and skeletal. Physical g
5、rowth (skeletal,muscular and visceral growth) Mental growth:,T3 .T4 Cretinism,In fetal period and infancy,(1)On the cardiovascular system HR，Heart strength,2.3 Effects on Specific Systems,(2)On the central nervous system CNS , Sympathetic nervous,(3)On other endocrine glands,Hyperthyroidism,3. Contr
6、ol of Thyroid Hormone Secretion,3.1 Hypothalamus -Adenohypophysis- Thyroid Functional System 3.2 Autoregulation 3.3 Autonomic nervous system,3.1 Hypothalamus -Adenohypophysis- Thyroid Functional System (1)TSH： T3/T4 production and release, size and number of thyroid cells (2)TRH,Hypothalamus Adenohy
7、pophysis Thyroid T3、T4,(3) Feedback,(Negative Feedback),TSH,TRH,+,+,Thyroncus (Struma),3.2 Autoregulation,I- T3、T4 I- T3、T4,3.3 Autonomic nervous system,Sympathetic nerve-T3/T4 Parasympathetic nerve -T3/T4,SECTION D ADRENAL GLAND,1. Adrenal Cortex Hormones 2. Adrenal Medulla Hormones,zona glomerulos
8、a mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone) Zona fasciculata glucocorticoid (Cortisol ) Zona reticularis sex hormone,Adrenal Cortex Hormones,1.1Function of Glucocorticoids(GC) Cortisol（氢化可的松）,(1)Effects on substance metabolism Glycometabolism： gluconeogenesis utilization of glucose,Glucose, Protein metabolism
9、 ： hydrolyze synthesis (Protein in liver) Fat metabolism ： hydrolyze oxidize(FA ) Excess cortisol (large dose)： hydrolyze(arms ang legs) synthesis (face/abdomen/shoulder/back),central obesity,Hypercortisolism,（2）Response to stress,Significance： enhance self-protection tolerance for noxious stimu1us,
10、Stress: When animal or human is exposed to noxious stimu1us the ACTH concentration in blood the glucocorticoid secretion ,(3) Effects on other Systems 1) blood cells,Increase number of RBC / platelet / neutrophile granulocyte Decrease number of lymphocyte/eosinophile granulocyte,2) Effect on Water-e
11、lectrolyte Metabolism sodium reabsorption potassium secretion Excrete water,CA (Permissive Action) permeability of Capillary expression and activity of receptor in cardiac muscle,3) Effect on circulatory system,glucocorticoid,cardiovascular system,4) Effect on digestive system： secretion of gastric
12、juice (HCL and pepsinogen ) 5) Application in pharmacology ： large dose antitoxic/anti-inflammatory/ antianaphylaxis/antishock,Day night rhythm Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Adrenal Cortex,1.2 Control of Glucocorticoid Secretion Hypothalamus -Adenohypophysis- Adrenal Cortex Functional System,CRH +,AC
13、TH +,GC,Stress,(1) Hypothalamus -Adenohypophysis,(2)Feedback,(Negative Feedback),2. Adrenal Medulla Hormones Epinephrine, E (Adrenaline ) Noradrenaline,NE,CA,Function of CA: (1)Effects on metabolism Glycogenolysis blood glucose fat hydrolyzelactic acid Increase the quantity of heat production and BM
14、R,(2) Participate in emergency reaction,stimu1us,emergency reaction,CRH,ACTH,CA,GC,stress,Hypothalamus,Adenohypophysis,Adrenal Cortex,Sympathetic nerve-Adrenalin System,SECTION E PANCREAS ISLETS,（A）Cell Glucagon （B） Cell Insulin （D） Cell Somatostatin F（PP）Cell Pancreatic polypeptide,1. Insulin,1.1 T
15、he physiologic functions of insulin: (1) Effects on glycometabolism Decrease blood glucose,Mechanism:,1) promotes glucose entry in many cells(muscle cells) synthesize of muscle glycogen utilization of glucose 2) promotes glucose entry in liver synthesize of hepatic glycogen glucose phosphorylation b
16、reakdown of hepatic glycogen (lack: blood glucoseDiabetes Mellitus),(2) Effects on fat metabolism promotes fat synthesis and storage synthesize of fat utilization of fat blood fat ,Mechanism :,(3) Effects on Protein metabolism promotes protein synthesis and storage synthesize of protein utilization
17、of protein,Mechanism :,1)blood glucose 2)blood AA/FA 3)humoral regulation gastriointestinal hormone NE、E 4)nervous regulation vagus nerve sympathetic nerve,1.2 Regulation of Insulin Secretion,+,-,+,+,-,+,B Cell,Insulin,2. Glucagon The physiologic functions ： gluconeogenesis utilization of glucogen,G
18、lucose,SECTION F HORMONES FOR REGULATION OF CALCIUM METABOLISM,Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin (CT) 1,25-(OH)2VitD3,PTH： plasma Ca2+, plasma phosphate CD： plasma Ca2+, plasma phosphate VD3： regulate Ca2+/phosphate metabolism,1.Parathyroid hormone（PTH） （1）The physiologic functions plasma Ca2+ ,
19、plasma phosphate mobilization of Ca2+ from bone （fast action,delay action) Ca2+ reabsorption from tubule ,urinary phosphate excretion formation of 1,25-OH-D3， Ca2+ absorption from intestine,（2）Regulation of PTH Secretion plasma Ca2+ PTH plasma Ca2+ PTH plasma phosphate PTH,2. Calcitonin（CT） The phys
20、iologic functions : plasma Ca2+, plasma phosphate inhibiting mobilization of Ca2+ from bone Ca2+ reabsorption from tubule , urinary phosphate excretion,3. 1，25-（OH)2VitD3,food skin (cholestenone) ultraviolet rays VitD3 liver 25-OH VitD3 PTHkidney 1,25-(OH)2 VitD3,The physiologic functions : Ca2+ and
21、 phosphate absorption from intestine mobilize Ca2+ by increasing the number of mature osteoclasts, skeletogenous cells bone calcification Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption in kidneys,Too much GH in the young will result in_ A. Cretinism B. Dwarfism C. Giant D. Diabetes mellitus E. Acromegaly,C,Thyroid
22、 hormonesT3,T4,GH,GH,Insulin,2. Which hormone can cause notable heat production effect? Adrenaline B. somatostatin C. Thyroid hormones D. Oxytocin E. Prolactin,C,3. The beta cells in the pancreatic islets can secrete_ Insulin B. Noradrenaline C. Glucagon D. Gastrin E. Pancreatic polypeptide,A,Adrena
23、l medulla,A cells,F cells,D cells,4. Which one can cause diabetes mellitus _ Deficiency of insulin Deficiency of pancreatic polypeptide Deficiency of GH Deficiency of T3, T4,A,Dwarfism,Cretinism,5. Insulin can decrease _ Plasma glucose Plasma lipid Plasma amino acid A + B A + B + C,E,Decreasing the
24、level of blood glucose; Promoting synthesis of protein , retard the degradation of tissue proteins . Promoting triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue, inhibiting lipolysis and fat mobilization.,6. The following hormones ,which one is not secreted by anterior pituitary_ GH B. Oxytocin C. Prolactin
25、(PRL) D. Luteinizing hormone (LH). E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),B,Posterior pituitary,7. The hormones that secreted by posterior pituitary are _ GH and Oxytocin Oxytocin and Prolactin (PRL) Vasopressin and Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone TRH and CRH,C,8. The most important hor
26、mone that can influence the development of nervous system is _ Cortisol GH Adrenaline Thyroid hormone Insulin,D,9. Which hormone can make fat redistribute_ Prolactin GH Cortisol Adrenaline Aldosterone,C,10. The most important hormone that decreases the level of glucose is _ GH Glucagon Catecholamines Cortisol Insulin,E,Blood glucose,1.返回“内分泌1”,2.结束,3.返回主菜单,
