1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Two Digestive SystemMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Introduction to the Digestive System Part II Diseases Related to the Digestive SystemPart III Celebrity and DiseasePart IV Medical Terminology Related to the Digestive System2Part V
2、Further ThinkingPart IVideo:Introduction to the Digestive System3Think and Talk In the digestive system,ingested food is converted into a form that can be absorbed into the circulatory system for distribution to and utilization by the various tissues of the body.This is accomplished both physically,
3、by mastication in the mouth and churning of the stomach,and chemically,by secretions and enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract.Beginning at the mouth,all food passes through the alimentary canal which includes pharynx,esophagus,stomach,and intestines before it reaches the anus,where undigested matte
4、r is eliminated as waste.The outer walls of the digestive tract are composed of layers of muscle and tissue that undergo waves of contraction,i.e.peristalsis,thereby pushing the food along its digestive path.The inner lining contains glands that secrete the acids and enzymes necessary to break down
5、food into a form utilizable by the body.Reference4Task One:True or False(1)T (2)F(3)T(4)F(5)TWatch and Do5Task Two:Blank Filling1.Saliva is released into the mouth to begin dissolving the food and to make it slippery so that it can pass easily through the throat and esophagus.2.Astronauts in space c
6、an digest food even in weightless conditions where there isnt any gravity because of the muscular contractions of peristalsis.Watch and Do6Task Two:Blank Filling3.After about three to six hours,the food continues to move along through the digestive tract and from the stomach enters the small intesti
7、ne.4.Imagine this garden hose which is seven meters long,all curled up and folded around itself inside a human being.5.The liver is located to the right of the stomach,one of its important jobs is to produce bile,a substance that will help indigestion.Watch and Do7Task Two:Blank Filling6.The pancrea
8、s also produces sodium bicarbonate which will neutralize the acidity of the choline.It takes anywhere from three to five hours for food in the small intestine to be digested.7.To do that,the nutrients must be absorbed into the blood vessels of the circulatory system.The circulatory system with its n
9、etwork of the blood vessels reaching every cell of the body will be the transport system.Watch and Do8Task Two:Blank Filling8.The wall of the small intestine are not smooth,but are actually covered with millions of a small finger-like structure called villi.9.As the food continues on from the small
10、intestine,it is now made up an undigested food and water.10.Finally,materials that are not absorbed are formed into solid waste;this includes such things as dead bacteria,food roughage,fat and protein.Watch and Do9 Task Three:Table FillingWatch and Do10MovementDigestive Juices UsedFood Broken DownMo
11、uthChewingSalivaStarchesEsophagusSwallowingNoneNoneStomachUpper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juiceStomach acidProteinSmall intestinePeristalsisSmall intestinedigestive juiceStarches,protein,andcarbohydratesPancreasNonePancreatic juiceStarches
12、,fats,and proteinLiverNoneBile acidsFatsPart II Diseases Related to the Digestive System11Part IIDiseases Related to the Digestive SystemVideo OneHepatitis A or BVideo TwoThe Role and Anatomy of the PancreasAudioWhat is Crohns Disease12Video One Hepatitis A or B13Think and Talk Hepatitis B spreads t
13、hrough blood or other body fluids of an infected person.People can spread the virus even when they are free of symptoms.Hepatitis B is very contagious.It is passed to another person through having unprotected sexual activities,sharing needles to inject drugs,sharing personal hygiene utensils such as
14、 toothbrushes and razors.People may also get infected during medical practices in hospital if disinfection is not complete.It can also be passed from mother to baby.Keeping personal hygiene amounts to the No.1 prevention of hepatitis B.People should constantly wash their hands after toilet use and b
15、efore meal because the virus can live on objects for 7 days or more.Dont share personal hygiene utensils with anybody and dont share syringe for injection.Vaccination is recommended for people of all ages.Reference14Part II-Video OneWatch and DoTask One:Questions and Answers1.hepatic lobules 2.bile
16、3.gallbladder 4.It will limit blood flow and permanent shrinking and hardening will appear on the liver.5.a liver transplant operation15Part II-Video OneTask Two:Blank FillingWatch and DoWatch and Do16Part II-Video One(1)soft (2)flexible(3)hepatic lobule(4)filter(5)bleeding(6)nutrients (7)bile(8)dig
17、est(9)contaminated(10)unprotected sexVideo Two The Role and Anatomy of the Pancreas17Think and Talk Pancreas,a large lobulated gland in humans lies in front of the upper lumbar vertebrae and behind the stomach and is somewhat hammer-shaped that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and
18、 glucagon that help the body digest food.Acute pancreatitis is a self-limited disease in which most cases are mild.Gallstones and alcohol are the leading causes of acute pancreatitis.The disease occurs at a similar frequency among various age groups,but the cause of the condition and the likelihood
19、of death vary according to age,sex,race,body-mass index,and other factors.The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis relates to inappropriate activation of trypsinogen to trypsin and a lack of prompt elimination of active trypsin inside the pancreas.Reference18Part II-Video TwoThink and Talk The clinica
20、l diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on characteristic abdominal pain and nausea,combined with elevated serum levels of pancreatic enzymes.In gallstone pancreatitis,the pain is typically sudden,epigastric,and knife-like and may radiate to the back.In hereditary or metabolic cases or in those a
21、ssociated with alcohol abuse,the onset may be less abrupt and the pain poorly localized.Serum amylase levels that are more than three times the upper limit of normal,in the setting of typical abdominal pain,are almost always caused by acute pancreatitis.Lipase levels are also elevated and parallel t
22、he elevations in amylase levels.The levels of both enzymes remain elevated with ongoing pancreatic inflammation,with amylase levels typically returning to normal shortly before lipase levels in the resolution phase.Reference19Part II-Video TwoThink and Talk In mild acute pancreatitis nutritional sup
23、port is usually not required.In severe pancreatitis nutritional support will likely be required with the enteral route preferred over TPN because of both safety and cost.Determination of the cause is important for guiding immediate management and preventing recurrence.Reference20Part II-Video TwoTas
24、k One:Multiple ChoicesWatch and Do21Part II-Video Two1.D 2.B 3.C 4.B5.C6.ATask Two:Blank Filling1.pancreas,is removed,enzymes 2.breaks apart,droplets,lipase 3.healthy,contributes to 4.does not function,digesting food,maintaining Watch and Do22Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Blank Filling5.diarrhea,bloatin
25、g,foul-smelling,weight loss,poor blood sugar 6.consumption,high-fat,being overweight,put stress on,work less 7.genetic,cystic fibrosis 8.rich in fruits,as favorite sources,limit high-fat,watch your cholesterol Watch and Do23Part II-Video TwoTask Three:Error Correction1.The pancreas is an important o
26、rgan in the digestive system.2.People need a very diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables for the sake of healthy pancreas.3.The pancreas has two functions:endocrine and exocrine.Its exocrine function is to produce enzymes that help to digest food.4.Proteases break down protein into amino acids a
27、nd lipases break down fats.Watch and Do24Part II-Video TwoTask Three:Error Correction5.Bile from the gallbladder also enters the duodenum at the major papilla.6.The pancreas is comprised primarily of pancreatic ducts that release liquids into the duodenum.7.Favorite sources of protein are fish and w
28、hite meat.8.In order to keep the pancreas healthy,it is advisable for you to maintain a healthy weight and watch your cholesterol and triglyceride levels.Watch and Do25Part II-Video TwoAudioWhat is Crohns Disease26Think and Talk The digestive tract is responsible for the breakdown of food into its c
29、omponent parts,and for the absorption of the products into the body.The tract consists of a tube running from the mouth to the anus that is variously known as the alimentary tract,gastrointestinal tract,or gut.The salivary glands,liver,gallbladder,and pancreas are distinct organs,but they are intima
30、tely associated with the digestive tract and pass juices into it that are required for digestion.Reference27Part II-AudioTask One:Topic IdentificationThe topics mentioned are:1,2,3,5 and 7.Listen and Do28Part II-AudioTask Two:True or FalseListen and Do1.F 2.T3.F4.T5.F 29Part II-AudioTask Three:Quest
31、ions and Answers1.The three main factors are genetic predisposition,environmental factors and dysregulated immune response in the GI tract which causes inflammation.2.The difference is that the immune system is not able to turn itself off after it has got rid of the bacterium or virus.Listen and Do3
32、0Part II-AudioTask Three:Questions and Answers3.Most patients with Crohns disease have abdominal pain and diarrhea.Other symptoms related to the GI tract can include abdominal tenderness,loss of appetite,weight loss,fever,fatigue,rectal bleeding,anal skin tags and ulcers.4.In children,Crohns disease
33、 may result in stunted growth and failure to thrive.Listen and Do31Part II-AudioTask Four:Description Crohns disease is a chronic condition,which is persistent and will be present throughout a patients life.Characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract,Crohns disease mostly occurs in t
34、he ileum and the large intestine.It is currently believed that Crohns disease is a genetic disease caused by abnormal regulation of the immune system.The GI tract is frequently confronted with bacteria from our diet and environment.Genetic predisposition,environmental factors and dysregulated immune
35、 response in the GI tract which causes inflammation are the three main factors that may contribute to Crohns disease.Listen and Do32Part II-AudioTask Four:Description In Crohns disease,inflammation and ulcers appear within the GI tract,and the immune system works to combat the bacteria and viruses.B
36、ut because the immune system is not able to turn itself off after it has got rid of the bacterium or virus,the ulcers remain until they are treated with medicine or surgery.And this chronic inflammation is what causes the symptoms of Crohns disease.The symptoms of Crohns disease vary depending on wh
37、ere the disease is located and its severity.This means that every patient with Crohns disease experiences the disease differently.Fortunately,patients with Crohns disease can work with healthcare providers to manage it.Listen and Do33Part II-AudioPart IIICelebrity and DiseaseVideo OneSteven Paul Job
38、sVideo TwoLooking for AudreyVideo OneVideo Two34Video OneSteven Paul Jobs35Think and TalkHe is Steven Paul Jobs.1.What impresses me most is what he put at Stanford University:“I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself:If today were the last day of my life,would I want to do what I a
39、m about to do today?And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a row,I know I need to change something.”“Your time is limited,so dont waste it living someone elses life.Dont be trapped by dogmawhich is living with the results of other peoples thinking.Dont let the noise of others opini
40、ons drown out your own inner voice.And most important,have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.”Reference36Part III-Video OneThink and Talk 2.The most important thing I learned from Steven Paul Jobs is hi
41、s entrepreneurship,that is,never be a quitter in face of any crisis.It is more important that he not only keeps a watchful eye on the innovation of science and technology but also the market demand of innovation and users experience.3.What impresses me most is his innovation,an insistence on an exce
42、llence,and his riding the initial wave of enthusiasm for video gaming.Jobs never let up and continue to notch important successes well away from Apple,His triumphant return to Apple signaled a new beginning for the company and launched it on an upward spiral of success.Reference37Part III-Video OneT
43、ask One:Questions and Answers1.What day was Steven Paul Jobs birthday?February 24th.2.What are the names of his adoptive parents?His adoptive parents name is Paul and Clara Jobs.Watch and Do38Part III-Video OneTask One:Questions and Answers3.How did Jobs perform during his elementary school years?Ea
44、rly schooling revealed Jobs to be a problem child often bored with school routine.4.What interested Jobs at his early age?For what was he interested in it?At an early age Jobs found his interest in electronics,for there existed rich opportunities in the Bay Area.Watch and Do39Part III-Video OneTask
45、One:Questions and Answers5.Whom did Jobs meet during his high school life?During high school,Jobs met the future co-founder of Apple Computer,Steve Wozniak,who at the time was working at Hewlett Packard.6.What drew Jobs attention when he was admitted to Reed College in Portland Oregon?Jobs enrolled
46、at Reed College in Portland Oregon after finishing high school.He quickly realized his overwhelming interest in electronics.Watch and Do40Part III-Video OneTask One:Questions and Answers7.What did Jobs do when he returned to the Bay Area?He worked as a technician at Atari Incorporated,riding the ini
47、tial wave of enthusiasm for video gaming.8.What is Steven Paul Jobs personality?(Open)Watch and Do41Part III-Video OneTask Two:Blank FillingWatch and Do42Part III-Video One April 1st In1976(1)Apple Computer was founded In1977This vision led to(2)the birth of personal computing when the Apple II comp
48、uter(3)was released.In 1979The Apple II was extremely popular in businesses after the 1979 (4)introduction of VisiCalc,(5)the first software spreadsheet program.In 1980In December of 1980,(6)initial public offering of stock in Apple Computer made Steve Jobs(7)a multi-millionaire.At the age of 23-25“
49、I(8)was worth about over a million dollars when I was 23 and(9)over ten million dollars when I was 24 and over 100 million dollars when I was 25umand(10)it wasnt that important.”At the age of 30Jobs had to endure the tragedy(11)being fired from the very company that he started ten years before.In 20
50、01Perhaps Jobs greatest(12)achievement in recent times has been the 2001 introduction at the i-Pod,it became(13)a runaway success for Apple(14)with over 67 million units sold and a current market share(15)hovering around seventy percent.Video TwoLooking for Audrey43Think and Talk Audrey Hepburn was
