1、英语教学设计理论与实践英语教学设计理论与实践 任务型教学设计任务型教学设计主讲：尹国杰（副教授）2013年3月20日星期三Instructional Design“Design”of teaching?Instructional DesigndesignscientificartisticInstructional Design What is instructional design?the practice of creating instructional experiences which make the acquisition of knowledge and skill more
2、 efficient,effective,and appealing.Instructional Design 1.Development of instructional design:1940s-The Origins of Instructional Design,World War II 1946 Edgar Dales Cone of Experience Mid-1950s through mid-1960s-The Programmed Instruction Movement Early 1960s-The Criterion-Referenced Testing Moveme
3、nt 1965-Domains of Learning,Events of Instruction,and Hierarchical Analysis 1967-Formative Evaluation The 1970s-Growing of Interest in the Systems Approach The 1980s-Introduction of Personal Computers into the Design Process The 1990s-A Growing Interest in Constructivist Theory and the Importance of
4、 Performance The 2000s-Rise of the Internet and Online Learning 2010 and forwardInstructional Design 1940s-The Origins of Instructional Design,World War II During the war a considerable amount of training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction,learning,and h
5、uman behavior.Tests for assessing a learners abilities were used to screen candidates for the training programs.After the success of military training,psychologists began to view training as a system,and developed various analysis,design,and evaluation procedures.Instructional DesignInstructional De
6、sign Mid-1950s through mid-1960s-The Programmed Instruction Movement Skinner:effective instructional materials should include small steps,frequent questions,immediate feedback,and allow self-pacing.Robert Mager:how to write objectives including desired behavior,learning condition,and assessment.Benj
7、amin Bloom:taxonomy of three domains of learning:Cognitive,Psychomotor and Affective.Instructional DesignInstructional Design Early 1960s-The Criterion-Referenced Testing MovementRobert Glaser:first user of the term“criterion-referenced measures”in 1962.a criterion-referenced test is designed to tes
8、t an individuals behavior in relation to an objective standardInstructional Design 1965-Domains of Learning,Events of Instruction,and Hierarchical Analysis Robert Gagne:five domains of learning outcomes and nine events of instruction in“The conditions of Learning(1965).Gagnes work in learning hierar
9、chies and hierarchical analysis led to an important notion in instruction to ensure that learners acquire prerequisite skills before attempting superordinates ones.Instructional Design 1967-Formative EvaluationMichael Scriven:the need for formative assessment e.g.,to try out instructional materials
10、with learners(and revise accordingly)before declaring them finalized.Instructional Design The 1970s-Growing of Interest in the Systems Approach Many instructional design theorists began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction.David Merrill for instance develope
11、d Component Display Theory(CDT),which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials(presentation techniques).Instructional Design The 1980s-Introduction of Personal Computers into the Design Process little evolution of ID in schools or higher education personal computer as a new to
12、ol:PLATO(Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation)growing interest in how cognitive psychology can be applied to instructional design.In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s cognitive load theory began to find empirical support for a variety of presentation techniques.Instructional Desig
13、n The 1990s-A Growing Interest in Constructivist Theory and the Importance of Performance Constructivists:learning experiences should be“authentic”and produce real-world learning environments that allow the learner to construct their own knowledge.the recognition of performance improvement as being
14、an important outcome of learning that needed to be considered during the design process.The World Wide Web:a potential online learning tool.Instructional Design The 2000s-Rise of the Internet and Online Learning The Internet:very popular tool for online learning a great increase in the number of onl
15、ine courses offered by higher education institutions.Technology:providing more authentic and realistic learning experiences.Instructional Design 2010 and forwardThe influence of e-tools continues to grow and has seemingly encouraged the growth of informal learning throughout a persons lifetime.The c
16、hallenge for instructional designers is how to create learning opportunities that now may occur anywhere and anytime.Instructional Design Instructional MediaEraMedia1900s Visual media 1914-1923 Visual media films,Slides,Photographer Mid 1920s to 1930s Radio broadcasting,Sound recordings,Sound motion
17、 pictures World War II Training films,Overhead projector,Slide projector,Audio equipment,Simulators and training devices Post World War II Communication medium 1950s to mid-1960s Television 1950s-1990s Computer Instructional Design 2.Cognitive load theory and the design of instruction Cognitive load
18、 theory developed out of several empirical studies of learners,as they interacted with instructional materials.Sweller and his associates began to measure the effects of working memory load,and found that the format of instructional materials has a direct effect on the performance of the learners us
19、ing those materials.Instructional Design 3.Gagns Theory of Instruction Synthesizing ideas from behaviorism and cognitivism,Gagn provides a clear template,which is easy to follow for designing instructional events.Instructional designers who follow Gagns theory will likely have tightly focused,effici
20、ent instruction.Instructional DesignInstructional Design A taxonomy of Learning Outcomes Cognitive Domain Verbal information-is stated Intellectual skills-label or classify the concepts Intellectual skills-to apply the rules and principles Intellectual skills-problem solving allows generating soluti
21、ons or procedures Cognitive strategies-are used for learning Affective Domain Attitudes-are demonstrated by preferring options Psychomotor Domain Motor skills-enable physical performanceInstructional Design 4.Learning design the description of the teaching-learning process that takes place in a unit
22、 of learning(eg,a course,a lesson or any other designed learning event).As summarized by Britain,learning design may be associated with:The concept of learning design The implementation of the concept made by learning design specifications like PALO,IMS Learning Design,LDL,SLD 2.0,etc.The technical
23、realisations around the implementation of the concept like TELOS,RELOAD LD-Author,etc.Instructional Design 5.Instructional modelsADDIE processRapid prototyping(快速成型)Dick and CareyInstructional Development Learning System(IDLS)Instructional Design 5.1 ADDIE process Perhaps the most common model used
24、for creating instructional materials is the ADDIE Model.This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model(Analyze,Design,Develop,Implement,and Evaluate).Instructional DesignInstructional Design 5.2 The Dick and Carey Systems Approach ModelThe model was originally published in 1978 by Walte
25、r Dick and Lou Carey in their book entitled The Systematic Design of Instruction.Instructional Design The model addresses instruction as an entire system,focusing on the interrelationship between context,content,learning and instruction.According to Dick and Carey,Components such as the instructor,l
26、earners,materials,instructional activities,delivery system,and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes.Instructional Design components of this Model:Identify Instructional Goal Conduct Instructional Analysi
27、s Analyze Learners and Contexts Write Performance Objectives Develop Assessment Instruments Develop Instructional Strategy Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction Revise Instruction Design and Conduct Summative EvaluationInstructional Design 5.3 Instructional Development Learning Syst
28、em(IDLS)The model was originally published in 1970 by Peter J.Esseff,PhD and Mary Sullivan Esseff,PhD in their book entitled IDLSPro Trainer 1:How to Design,Develop,and Validate Instructional Materials.Instructional Design components of the IDLS Model:Design a Task AnalysisDevelop Criterion Tests an
29、d Performance MeasuresDevelop Interactive Instructional MaterialsValidate the Interactive Instructional Materials Instructional Design 6.Motivational DesignMotivation is defined as an internal drive that activates behavior and gives it direction.The term motivation theory is concerned with the proce
30、ss that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed.Instructional Design The ARCS Model of Motivational Design created by John Keller based on Tolmans and Lewins expectancy-value theory,which presumes that people are motivated to learn if there is value in the knowledge presented(i
31、.e.it fulfills personal needs)and if there is an optimistic expectation for success.four main areas:Attention,Relevance,Confidence,and Satisfaction.Instructional Design Review:Concept of“instructional design”Development of instructional design(including instructional media)Gagnes theory of instructi
32、onInstructional modelsMotivational designInstructional Design Further thought:Instructional design vs.curriculum designInstructional design vs.teaching planInstructional design vs.instructional technologyInstructional Design HomeworkWhat is a“task”in task-based instruction?Instructional DesignInstructional Design
