1、Language points Explanation 1.California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲,但是人口最多。但是人口最多。注意注意 (1)对人口提问用对人口提问用what,不用不用how many,how much。Whats the population of the city?这个城市有多少人口？这个城市有多少人口？(2)population 作主语时用单数，但前有分作主语时用单数，但前有分数，小数，百分数时，谓语动
2、词用复数。数，小数，百分数时，谓语动词用复数。The population of China is larger than that of America.中国人口比美国人口多。中国人口比美国人口多。80%of the population are farmers.百分之百分之80的人口是农民。的人口是农民。(3)人口的增加或减少用人口的增加或减少用grow(increase)和和 fall(decrease);人口的多少用人口的多少用large和和small。There has been a rapid increase in population in the city in the la
3、st few years.近几年该城市人口增长很快。近几年该城市人口增长很快。2.This is not surprising when you know the history of California,which,at various times,has attracted people from nearly every country in the world.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史时当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史时,这就这就不足为奇了。它在不同的时期吸引了几不足为奇了。它在不同的时期吸引了几乎来自世界各个国家的人们。乎来自世界各个国家的人们。辨析辨析:nearly与与almost
4、almost与与nearly意思相同意思相同,当与动当与动词词,副词副词,形容词和名词连用时形容词和名词连用时,这两个这两个词可以互换。如：词可以互换。如：Its almost(nearly)three oclock.差不多三点了。差不多三点了。但但almost可以与可以与no,none,nothing,never等词连用，但等词连用，但nearly不可以。如：不可以。如：Almost no one believed her.几乎没人相信她。几乎没人相信她。She said almost nothing 她几乎什么也没说。她几乎什么也没说。I almost never see her 我几乎总
5、看不到她。我几乎总看不到她。nearly前可以和前可以和not连用，连用，not nearly是是“远不如远不如”的意思，但的意思，但almost不和不和not单独单独连用。连用。more,than,too用用nearly,不用不用almost.The problem is not nearly so difficult to work as you think.这道题远不像你想的那么难解。这道题远不像你想的那么难解。The bike is pretty nearly new.这辆自行车相当新。这辆自行车相当新。3.Exactly when the first people arrived i
6、n what we now know as California,no one really knows.no one really knows 是主句是主句,exactly when California是是know的宾语从句。的宾语从句。what we California是宾语从句是宾语从句,作介词作介词in的宾语。的宾语。4.However,it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.但是美洲土著居民有可能至少一万五千但是美洲土著居民有可
7、能至少一万五千年前就在加利福尼亚居住了。年前就在加利福尼亚居住了。1)sb./sth.is likely to do sth.某人某人/某物有可能做某事某物有可能做某事 It is likely/probable/possible that.有可能有可能 It is possible for sb.to do sth.有可能做有可能做.2)辨析：辨析：likely,possible与与probable possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；有希望很小的意味；probable比比possible可能性稍大，有可能性稍大，有“较为可能、大概较为可能、
8、大概”，指，指有实际依据；有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事。可能发生的事。Is he likely to win?他有可能获胜吗？他有可能获胜吗？Its possible,though not probable,that he will come tomorrow.他明天可能来他明天可能来,但也不一定准来。但也不一定准来。There are two clauses in this sentence,can you find them out?What clauses are they?5.Scientists believe that these fir
9、st settlers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to Alaska by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.Object clauseAttributive clause()()means:a method or a way(of doing)方式，方法，手段。单复数同形。by means of:by using 依靠，凭借。1.The thief had wanted to escape by means of a secret tunnel,but was ca
10、ught.2.The quickest means of travel is by plane.6.In the 16th century,after the arrival of Europeans,the native people suffered greatly.在在16世纪世纪,欧洲人到来之后欧洲人到来之后,当地人陷入当地人陷入了极大的苦难。了极大的苦难。vi.受痛苦；受损害受痛苦；受损害vt.遭受；忍受遭受；忍受suffer 辨析：辨析：suffer与与suffer from suffer(vt.)和和suffer from的区别的区别:suffer 指一般的损害、痛苦等等指一般的
11、损害、痛苦等等,其宾语为其宾语为pain,loss,grief,insult,punishment,wrong,hardship,injustice,discouragement,disappointment,setback(挫折挫折)，但，但suffer from表示遭受战争，表示遭受战争，自然灾害带来的苦难及患病之意。自然灾害带来的苦难及患病之意。suffer the result/heavy losses/injuries承受结果承受结果/遭受大损失遭受大损失/负伤负伤 suffer from headache/illness/war/the flood 遭受头痛遭受头痛/疾病的困扰疾病
12、的困扰/战争战争/洪水洪水7.Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.forced into slavery:被迫成为奴隶被迫成为奴隶1)Thousand,hundred,million,dozen,score 等表数字的词表示具体数字时不加“s”，加“s”时泛指许多。Hundreds and hundreds of people go skating in winter.2)thousands of 成千上万的成千上万的 类似的用法还有类似的用法还有：hundreds of 数以百计的数以百计的 scores of 许多许多 millions
13、 of 上百万的上百万的 dozens of 许多，大量许多，大量 tens of thousands of 数以万计的数以万计的Dont forget!The teacher bought two _books in the bookstore.A.scores ofB.scoresC.score ofCBear them in your mind!辨析：辨析：die from,die of die of 死于疾病、饥饿死于疾病、饥饿,多指内部原因。多指内部原因。die from 常用死于创伤、交通事故常用死于创伤、交通事故,多指多指外部未知原因。外部未知原因。8.In addition,m
14、any died from the diseases brought by Europeans.除此之外除此之外,许多人死于欧洲带来的疾病。许多人死于欧洲带来的疾病。die of cancer/hunger/sorrow/thirst/old age 死于癌症饥饿悲痛干旱衰老死于癌症饥饿悲痛干旱衰老 die from a wound/overwork/an unknown cause 死于外伤过度劳累不明原因死于外伤过度劳累不明原因 Many of them died of starvation.The soldier died from a wound in the breast.Some
15、die of hunger,but some _ eating too much.A.die from B.from C.X D.of 9.However,some survived these terrible timesand today there are more Native Americansliving in California than in any other state.当比较的主体属于被比较者里面的一员时，用other或else排除比较的主体。Mary is taller than any other girls in her class.Mary is taller
16、than any boys in her class.No one else in the class is taller than Mary.10.Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century when they fought against the native people and took their land.16世纪早期世纪早期,西班牙士兵到达南美洲西班牙士兵到达南美洲,这这时同土著人作斗争并占领这片土地。时同土著人作斗争并占领这片土地。fight for “为事业为事业,自由自由
17、,真理真理,权利等而斗争权利等而斗争(战斗战斗)”fight against(可用可用with)the enemy “为反对为反对而斗争而斗争”；接人和国家名词，；接人和国家名词，意思是意思是“与与战斗战斗”辨析辨析:fight against,fight for与与fight withfight with sb.也可表示与某人并肩作战也可表示与某人并肩作战 fight a war/battle 打一场战争打一场战争 They are fighting for freedom.他们正为自由而战。他们正为自由而战。11.Of the first Spanish to go to Californ
18、ia,the majority were religious men who came to tech the Catholic religion to the natives.在第一批来到加利福尼亚的西班牙人中在第一批来到加利福尼亚的西班牙人中大多数是来向土著人传授天主教教义的传大多数是来向土著人传授天主教教义的传道士。道士。1)句中句中Spanish前面有序数词限定成分，前面有序数词限定成分，故其后用不定式定语形式。故其后用不定式定语形式。She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.2)majority作作“多数，大半多数，大半”讲讲,单独
19、单独作主语时作主语时,谓语动词多用单数谓语动词多用单数,在强调在强调“多数成员的各个成员多数成员的各个成员”时时,谓语动词也谓语动词也可用复数。可用复数。the majority of后可用不可数名词后可用不可数名词,也可用复数名词也可用复数名词,谓语动词的数与谓语动词的数与of 后后面的名词相一致。面的名词相一致。The majority of people prefer peace to war.The majority of the damage is easy to repair.12.In 1848,not long after the American-Mexican war,go
20、ld was discovered in California.not long after 不久之后 long after 很久之后 long before 很久以前 before long 不久以后 13.Many died or returned home,but most remained in California to make a life for themselves in the new towns or on farms.1)remain的用法的用法:remain用作不及物动词用作不及物动词,意为意为“剩下、剩下、留下、呆在留下、呆在”。如如:When the others
21、 had gone,Joan remained to clean the room.别人走别人走了了,琼留下来清扫房间。琼留下来清扫房间。注意注意:“呆在那里呆在那里”可以说可以说remain/stay there,但但“呆在家里呆在家里”只能说只能说stay(at)home.remain作连系动词作连系动词,意为意为“一直保持一直保持,仍然处于某种状态中仍然处于某种状态中”,后可后可接多种成分作表语。接多种成分作表语。1)接名词作表语接名词作表语 Peter became a manager but John remained a worker.彼得当上了经理彼得当上了经理,但约翰仍然是一个
22、工但约翰仍然是一个工人。人。Their marriage remains a secret.他们的婚姻仍然是个秘密。他们的婚姻仍然是个秘密。2)接形容词作表语接形容词作表语 Whatever great progress you have made,you should remain modest.无论你取得了多么大的进步无论你取得了多么大的进步,你都应一你都应一直保持谦虚。直保持谦虚。The shop remains open until 11 at night.这个商店一直营业到晚上十一点。这个商店一直营业到晚上十一点。3)接过去分词作表语接过去分词作表语,表示主语所处的状表示主语所处的状
23、态或已经发生的被动动作。如态或已经发生的被动动作。如:They never remained satisfied with their successes.他们从不满足于自己的成绩。他们从不满足于自己的成绩。(表主语所处的状态表主语所处的状态)They remained locked in the room.他们仍然被锁在房子里。他们仍然被锁在房子里。(已经发生的被动动作已经发生的被动动作)4)接现在分词作表语接现在分词作表语,表示正在进行的动表示正在进行的动作。如作。如:The guests came in,but she remained sitting at the desk readi
24、ng.客人进来了客人进来了,但她仍然坐在桌旁看书。但她仍然坐在桌旁看书。(正在进行的主动动作正在进行的主动动作)They remained listening.他们一直在听。他们一直在听。5)接不定式作表语接不定式作表语,表示将来的动作。如表示将来的动作。如:This remains to be proved.这有待证实。这有待证实。(将来被动动作将来被动动作)Whether it will do us good remains to be seen.这是否对我们有好处这是否对我们有好处,还要看一看。还要看一看。Having a trip abroad is certainly good fo
25、r the old couple,but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen 请看请看20022002年的高考题年的高考题:6)接介词短语作表语接介词短语作表语 I have remained in touch with the Greens for more than 10 years.我和格林一家保持了十多年的联系。我和格林一家保持了十多年的联系。He had to remain in hospital until he was better.他不得不住院他不得不住院,直
26、到身体好转。直到身体好转。注意注意:remain 作名词时作名词时,表示表示“剩余物剩余物”,一般用其复数形式。如一般用其复数形式。如:The remains of a meal can be given to a pig.残汤剩饭可以喂猪。残汤剩饭可以喂猪。They found some remains of the Tang Dynasty.他们发现一些唐代遗物。他们发现一些唐代遗物。remaining 是形容词是形容词,意为意为“剩余的剩余的”,常作前置定语常作前置定语;而而left则只能作后置定语。则只能作后置定语。如如:There are only 5 books left.只剩下五
27、本书了。只剩下五本书了。He bought me a gift with the remaining money.他用剩余的钱给我买了一件礼物。他用剩余的钱给我买了一件礼物。2)make a life 开始新的生活开始新的生活 They go to big cities to make a life.关于关于life的短语：的短语：earn/make/get a living 谋生谋生 lead/live a.life 过着过着.的生活的生活 14.By the time California became the thirty-first state of the United States
28、 of America in 1850,it was already a multicultural society.到到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国的第年加利福尼亚成为美国的第31个州为止个州为止,她已经成为一个多元文化的社她已经成为一个多元文化的社会。会。15.it was the building of the railway from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860.,但是更大批量的移民却是在但是更大批量的移民却是在19世世纪纪60年代为了修建贯穿
29、美国东部海岸的铁年代为了修建贯穿美国东部海岸的铁路而来到加利福尼亚的。路而来到加利福尼亚的。本句用了强调句本句用了强调句It is(was)被强调部分被强调部分+that(who)+句子其他部分。句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和宾语和状语。状语。原句：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.练习：练习：1).It was last night _ I see the comet.A.the time B.when C.that D.which 2).It is ten y
30、ears _ Miss Green returned to Canada.A.that B.when C.since D.as16.which today still keeps up its Danish culture.keep up:never stop,continue steadily,go on The manager asked the workers to keep up the work.The rain kept up for two days and the roads were flooded.17.People from Africa have been living
31、 in California since the 1800s,when they moved north from Mexico.have been doing 现在完成进行时,强调始于过去某时的动作持续发生到现在.eg He has been painting the room.他一直都在粉刷房间.18.In more recent decades,California has become home to people from Asia,including Cambodians,Koreans,Vietnamese and Laotians.最近几十年最近几十年,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的加
32、利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家乡家乡,其中包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人其中包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。和老挝人。become home to:成为家园The island has become home to snakes.这是一个简单句。句中有这是一个简单句。句中有in the past few years,in recent years 等时间状语等时间状语时时,句子的谓语动词通常用现成完成时，句子的谓语动词通常用现成完成时，如如:In the past ten years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.另外另外,including 是介词是介词,意意为为“包括包括(于于之中之中)”。
