1、2021届全国新高考英语精品复习非谓语动词动词不定式不定式的时态和语态不定式的功能与用法不定式的其他用法动名词动名词的时态和语态动名词的功能与用法动名词的复合结构现在分词现在分词的时态和语态现在分词的功能与用法过去分词过去分词的特征过去分词的句法功能非谓语动词之间的区别不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别后接不定式或动名词,意义有差别的动词不定式、动名词、分词作定语的区别独立主格结构名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式名词/代词+(being)+形容词/副词名词/代词+介词短语There/It being+名词/代词/形容词with复合结构非谓语动词基本框架:非谓语动词综述非谓语动词指不能单独作
2、谓语,但同时仍保留某些特征的动词形式,主要有不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词4类。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但可以有时态形式、语态形式及自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。一、动词不定式1.不定式的时态和语态主动语态被动语态一般式to+动词原形to be+过去分词完成式to have+过去分词to have been+过去分词进行式to be+现在分词完成进行式to have been+现在分词时态语态一、动词不定式(1)不定式的时态。不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或在其后发生;不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,特别强调动作已经完成;不定式的进行式表示的动
3、作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.人们开始疑惑这场灾难将要持续多久。(begin与wonder表示的动作同时发生)I feel very honored to have been able to take on this role.能够担当这一角色,我感到非常荣幸。(take on this role的动作已经完成)一、动词不定式不定式的一般式表示的动作也可以发生在谓语动词的动作之前;进行式表示的动作也可以发生在谓语动词的动作之后。We are just happy to have y
4、ou back.你回来了,我们真高兴。(have you back的动作已经发生。)I wish to be studying in the same university with you next year.希望明年能和你在同一所大学学习。(study表示的动作在wish后发生)归纳一、动词不定式3.不定式的语态不定式的主动式表示逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的执行者;不定式的被动式表示逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的承受者。I plan to study history of art at university so it is important for me to visit France.我打
5、算在大学学习艺术史,因此访问法国对我来说是重要的。(逻辑主语me是visit的动作执行者。)It is believed by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.许多人认为它(古楼兰城)在公元200年至500年期间逐渐被沙尘暴所覆盖。(it是cover动作的承受者。)一、动词不定式4.不定式的功能与用法(1)不定式作主语动词不定式相当于名词的作用,在句中作主语,这时谓语动词用单数。“To have been caught in a sandstorm was a
6、 terrible experience,”hesaid.他说:“遭遇沙尘暴是很可怕的经历。”To succeed calls for hard work.成功需要付出辛勤的劳动。(不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数。)高频考点(1)不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将不定式移至句末。Its not easy to find your way around the town.在这个小镇要找到路不容易。(2)当主语和表语都是不定式时,则不能用it代替。To choose time is to save time.合理安排时间就是节约时间。一、动词不定式(2)不定式做宾语动词不定式可以充当部分及物动
7、词或动词短语的宾语,也可以充当部分介词的宾语。Dont claim to know what you dont know.不要不懂装懂。(不定式作claim的宾语)He has no choice but to wait.他除了等待,别无他法。(不定式作介词but的宾语)(3)不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语,在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.我对天文学感兴趣,他让我对全
8、班同学作口头陈述。(不定式作ask的宾语补足语,逻辑主语是me。)一、动词不定式(3)不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语,在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。Also,every time I watch DVD he sends me to bed or tells me to spend more time studying.还有,每次我看DVD时,他就催我上床睡觉,或者教导我要多花时间学习。(不定式作tell的宾语补足语,逻辑主语是me。)我希望你能上大学。I hope you to go to college.()I hope
9、that you can go to college.()I wish you to go to college.()他要求我放弃这个机会。He demanded me to give up the chance.()He demanded that I should give up the chance.()He required me to give up the chance.()一、动词不定式(4)不定式作表语不定式作表语,一般跟在系动词如be,seem,remain,appear,get等的后面,用来说明主语的内容。Anyhow my goal is to provide human
10、s with a life of high quality.总之,我的目标就是为人类提供高质量的生活。(不定式说明主语my goal的内容。)Its purpose is to involve visitors in physical exercise and athletic competition.其(运动公园主题的)目的是让游客参与身体锻炼和体育比赛。(不定式说明主语purpose的内容。)(5)不定式作定语动词不定式作定语时,须放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,通常与其所修饰的成分之间存在着一定的逻辑关系。There are several things to take into consi
11、deration when you are searching.你在搜索时有几件事情要考虑。(不定式与things之间是动宾关系。)一、动词不定式(5)不定式作定语动词不定式作定语时,须放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,通常与其所修饰的成分之间存在着一定的逻辑关系。I am always the first person to get to the office.我总是第一个到办公室。(不定式与person之间是主谓关系)(6)不定式作状语不定式作状语可以修饰动词,一般在句中作目的、结果和原因状语。不定式作目的状语可以单独放在句首、句中或句末;作结果状语常用在下列句式中:soas;suchas to
12、;enoughto;onlyto;tooto等。To make friends easily,you need to be very kind.要想很容易地交朋友,你需要友善。(不定式作目的状语)Arrived here to find everything was in chaos.到达这里后发现一切都是乱糟糟的。(不定式作结果状语,表示意外或事与愿违的结果)I am so excited to be here!来到这我真激动!(不定式作原因状语)一、动词不定式3.不定式的其他用法(1)不定式的复合结构为了明确不定式的动作执行者,需在不定式前加上逻辑主语,常用for或of引出,结构为“for
13、/of+名词/代词宾格+不定式”。When she arrived at Gombe in 1960,it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest.她1960年来到贡贝时,对女性来说,住进大森林还是件很稀奇的事。(a woman是不定式的逻辑主语。)How careless(it was)of Mary to break the valuable vase!玛丽打碎了这个珍贵的花瓶,真粗心!(Mary是不定式的逻辑主语)拓展:(1)在for sb.to do结构中,形容词多表示事物的性质,如difficult,easy,heavy,impor
14、tant等,与句中的不定式有意义上的主表关系。It is good for one to have self-knowledge.=To have self-knowledge is good for one.人贵有自知之明。一、动词不定式(2)在of sb.to do结构中,形容词多表示人物的特征,如careless,clever,wise,kind,honest,lazy等,与of后的名词或代词有意义上的主表关系。It was very cruel of them to eat rare wild animals.=They are very cruel to eat rare wild
15、animals.他们吃稀有野生动物,真够残忍的。(2)疑问词与不定式结构不定式可以与疑问代词whether,who,whom,what,which,whose及疑问副词when,where,how等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、同位语等。Well teach you survival skills and youll learn how to make a fire and build your own shelter.我们会教你生存技巧,你会学到如何生火、修筑自己的庇护场所。(不定式与疑问副词连用、做宾语。)Experience tells you what to d
16、o;confidence allows you to do it.经验告诉你干什么,而信心让你去做这件事。(不定式与疑问代词连用,作宾补。)一、动词不定式(2)疑问词与不定式结构不定式可以与疑问代词whether,who,whom,what,which,whose及疑问副词when,where,how等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、同位语等。How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.如何开始比在哪里结束更困难。(to begin与疑问副词连用,作主语;to stop与疑问副词连用,作表语。)注意:why不能用于“
17、疑问词+不定式”结构。(3)不定式的省略感官动词see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,look at,listen to和使役动词let,have,make接不定式作宾补时,必须省略不定式符号to。Festivals let us enjoy life,be proud of our custom and forget our work for a little while.节日让我们享受生活,让我们为自己的习俗而自豪、还可以让我们暂时忘掉工作中的烦恼。(使役动词接不定式作宾补,省to)注意:help后接不定式时,to可有可无。一、动词不定式(3)不定式的省略感
18、官动词see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,look at,listen to和使役动词let,have,make接不定式作宾补时,必须省略不定式符号to。He and my mother always make me do things I dont like such as playing the piano and learning Japanese.他和我妈妈总是强迫我做不爱做的事情,比如弹钢琴,学日语。(使役动词接不定式作宾补,省to。)I watched the little boy enter the hall.我看着那个小男孩走进了大厅。(感官动
19、词接不定式作宾补,省to。)在被动语态中必须加上to(let除外)。在介词but,except表示“除了”之意的单词前,若有实义动词do,做宾语的不定式则省to;若无do,则to不能省略。I can do everything around the house except cook.除了做饭,家里的所有活儿我都能干。(前有do,后省to。)I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这个事实,我别无选择。(前无do,则加to。)一、动词不定式两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式的符号to则省略。He refuses to spend ti
20、me with us or do as we tell him.他不肯花时间陪我们,也不做我们让他做的事。I want him to write these sentence down and not translate them into Chinese.我想让他把这些句子写下来,并且不要翻译成汉语。had better,would rather,cannot but,why(not)等结构的不定式通常省略不定式符号to。I would rather hear a book on a cassette than read.我宁愿听磁带朗读也不愿意看书。Why not join us in t
21、he discussion?为什么不加入我们的讨论呢?如果多个不定式短语表示对比关系时,则通常保留to。They came not to save us,but to conquer us.他们不是为拯救我们而来,而是为征服我们而来。二、动名词1.动名词的时态和语态(1)动名词的一般式通常表示时间不明确的动作;动名词的完成式表示其发生在谓语动词的动作之前。In 1993,China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.1993年中国烧掉了12吨煤用于供热和发电。(一般性动作。)I have n
22、o idea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他竟会干出这种事情来与你对抗。(动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。)(2)动名词的主动式表示其逻辑主语是动作的执行者;动名词的被动式表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者。Do you mind my using your computer?你介意我用你的电脑吗?(“我”是use的动作执行者)The chances of(peoples)being attacked by a shark are very small compared to other dangers.相对于其他危险而言,人类遭受鲨
23、鱼攻击的几率其实是很小的。(people是attack的动作承受者)二、动名词2.动名词的功能与用法(1)动名词作主语动名词作主语经常表示一种概念、习惯或经验,谓语动词用单数。Traveling in space by ordinary citizens will be common.普通市民去太空旅行将会很普遍。Cloning plants is straightforward but the cloning of animals is more complicated.克隆植物简单直接,但克隆动物却要复杂的多。(2)动名词作宾语Every time you feel like smokin
24、g a cigarette remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.每次感觉自己想吸烟时,你都要提醒自己,你是一个不吸烟的人。(smoking作feel like的宾语。)After eating in her restaurant people would become tired very quickly.顾客在她的餐馆里吃过饭后,很快就会感到疲乏。(动名词短语作after的宾语。)二、动名词(3)动名词作定语动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途和功能。如果作定语的是动名词短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面。In sight of Shackletons l
25、anding place,our boat hit rock.在能看到沙尔克顿的登陆点时,我们的船触礁了。No flying machine will fly from New York to Pairs.没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。(4)动名词作表语动名词作表语多表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。My favorite part was seeing the grizzly bear in the mountains.我最喜欢的一段旅程就是在山里看灰熊。Her first delight was going to the Tower.她最高兴的事就是去伦敦塔。二、动名词3.动名词的复合结构动名词的复
26、合结构的形式为“名词所有格/物主代词/人称代词宾格+动名词”,在句中作主语、表语或宾语。I wonder,Mr.Adams,if youd mind us asking a few questions.亚当斯先生,不知您是否介意我们问几个问题。(人称代词宾格+动名词)But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English.但这也导致了大量的美语单词和结构进入了英式英语中。(无生命的东西的普通格+动名词)二、动名词(1)两个以上表示有生命意义的名词并列时,只能用名词普通格。
27、Have you heard of boys and girls studying in the separate school?你听说过男孩和女孩在分开的学校上学吗?(2)动名词的复合结构作主语时,只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。His being late again and again made the manager angry.他一次次迟到让经理非常生气。Janes being careless caused so much trouble.简这么粗心,惹来了不少麻烦。拓展三、现在分词1.现在分词的时态和语态(1)现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生;现在分词的完成式
28、表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。Walking down the street,he learns someone calling him.在街上走着,他听到有人叫他。(walk down和hear同时发生。)Having worked hard all day,I went to bed early.辛辛苦苦工作了一天,我很早就上床睡觉了。(work发生在go to bed之前。)(2)现在分词的主动式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者;现在分词的被动式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch wit
29、h her.由于不知道她的地址,我们无法和她取得联系。(we是know的动作执行者。)The area being studied is called an archaeological site.正在被研究的那个地方被称为考古地。(the area是study的动作承受者。)注意:现在分词的否定式是在分词前加not。三、现在分词2.现在分词的功能与用法(1)现在分词作定语单个现在分词作定语位于被修饰词的前面,而现在分词短语作定语一般位于被修饰词的后面。Keep quiet!Dont wake up the sleeping child.请安静,不要吵醒那个睡觉的孩子。(单个的现在分词作定语位
30、于被修饰词前。)Diligence is the path leading to happiness.勤劳是通往幸福的捷径。(分词短语作定语位于被修饰词后。)(2)现在分词作定语Hes really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks were getting bored.他的却很风趣,而且当他认为我们感到厌烦时,就会给我们讲笑话。(3)现在分词作宾语补足语I looked down into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat,showing us the way.我低头看了看水面
31、,见了老汤姆在旁边游着,正给我们指着路呢。(swimming作see的宾语补足语。)三、现在分词(3)现在分词作宾语补足语An undeserved success is like a medal that is found lying in the street.有名无实的成功就像在大街上捡到的奖章一样。(现在分词作found的宾语补足语。)(4)现在分词作状语现在分词可以作结果、原因、伴随、条件和时间状语等。Nature has provided Shangri-La with endless natural treasures,making the land a happy home f
32、or the local people.大自然为香格里拉提供了无数的自然宝藏,使得这片土地成为当地人民的幸福家园。(现在分词作结果状语。)Life is like running water,flowing away never to return.生命如流水,往而不返。(现在分词作伴随状语。)Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already,I didnt take much notice.我在夏威夷经历过好几次地震,因此(对这种声音)几乎没在意。(现在分词作原因状语)三、现在分词(4)现在分词作状语现在分词可以作结果、
33、原因、伴随、条件和时间状语等。Arriving home,he showed me a large bright clean home.到家后,他把我领进了一个宽敞、明亮、洁净的房间。(现在分词作时间状语。)有些分词的短语可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,此时其作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度、观点等。Generally speaking,the middle school students arent allowed to have a cellphone.一般说来,中学生不允许带手机。Judging from his accent,we know he comes from H
34、ong Kong.从他的口音判断,我们知道他来自香港。拓展:此类短语有generally speaking一般说来;strictly speaking严格说来;roughly speaking大致说来;judging from/by由判断;broadly speaking广义上说等。四、过去分词1.过去分词的特征过去分词属于非谓语动词的一种,一般表示完成的或被动的动作。Given enough care,the children can cooperate better.如果给予更多的关心,孩子们会合作的更好。2.过去分词的句法功能(1)过去分词作定语及物动词的过去分词作定语,表示被动和完成;
35、不及物动词的过去分词一般作前置定语,不表示被动,只表示完成。English is now an international language,spoken by about 750 million people.英语现在是一门国际语言,约有7.5亿人在说。(spoken表示被动,作后置定语,修饰language。)There are fallen leaves on the ground in fall.秋天,地上到处是落叶。(不及物动词作前置定语,只表示完成。)四、过去分词(2)过去分词作表语作表语的大多是及物动词的过去分词,表示主语所处的状态或感受,很多已转化为形容词。Although t
36、he cities were crowded,the country was beautiful.城市很拥挤,乡村却很美丽。She seemed very shocked on hearing the news.听到这个消息她似乎十分震惊。(3)过去分词作宾补一般及物动词的过去分词作宾补,与逻辑主语构成被动关系。也有少数不及物动词的过去分词作补语,表示完成的意义。句子变为被动语态时,宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。To their surprise,the three countries found themselves united peacefully instead of by war.这
37、3个国家惊奇的发现它们和平统一了,而不是通过战争。A liar cannot make himself believed.惯于说谎的人无法让别人相信自己。四、过去分词(4)过去分词作状语过去分词在句中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等,相当于一个状语从句。Seen from above,the old town is a maze of canals,little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.从上面俯瞰,古城就是一座有沟渠、小桥和鹅卵石铺成的迷宫,极易让游客迷失其中。(过去分词作方式状语。相当
38、于If you see from above。)Frightened by noise outside,the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.由于受到外面噪音的惊吓,小女孩不敢在卧室里睡觉了。(过去分词作原因状语。相当于As she was frightened by。)五、非谓语动词之间的区别1.不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别。一般说来,两者作主语和表语时可以互换。但不定式作主语往往表示某一次具体的行为,尤其是指将来的动作;而动名词作主语所表示的动作比较抽象,时间概念不强。Learning about a language is ea
39、sier than using it.=Its easier to learn about a language than to use it.学习语言知识比使用语言更容易。It is no good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟不好。(具体指抽烟的行为。)Smoking is forbidden here.此处禁止吸烟。(泛指任何人抽烟的行为。)2.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别(1)在need,want,require等词后表示被动意义时,不定式用被动语态,而动名词不需要。My bike needs to be repaired.=My bike needs
40、repairing.我的自行车需要修补。五、非谓语动词之间的区别(2)有些动词如begin,continue,start,hate,love,require,want等后既可接不定式也可接动名词,意义区别不大。He began to learn/learning Japanese three years ago.3年前他开始学日语。拓展:在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:(1)当would/should与hate,like,love等连用时;(2)当begin,continue,start与know,understand连用时。3.后接不定式或动名词,意义有差别的动词remember/forget
41、 to do sth.记得/忘记做过某事remember/forget doing sth.记得/忘记做过了某事regret to do sth.遗憾去做某事(未做某事而遗憾)regret doing sth.后悔做了某事(做了某事而后悔)try to do sth.设法尽量做某事try doing sth.试着做某事五、非谓语动词之间的区别3.后接不定式或动名词,意义有差别的动词stop to do sth停下当前事去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做当前事go on to do sth.去做另外一件事go on doing sth.去做另外的一件事mean to do sth.
42、打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事I meant to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.增加工资意味着增加购买力。I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,但我实在没有办法。He regretted having been ca
43、reless.他对自己的粗心大意感到后悔。五、非谓语动词之间的区别4.不定式、动名词、分词作定语的区别。(1)不定式作定语多表示还未发生的动作。The children are looking forward to the party to be held next weekend.孩子们期待下周末将要举行的聚会。(聚会还未进行。)(2)动名词作定语表示所修饰的名词的用途,不存在逻辑关系;现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。There are two teaching buildings in our school.我们学校有两座教学楼。(动名词作定语
44、。)There are two foreign teachers teaching in our school.有两个外教在我们学校教课。(现在分词作定语。)五、非谓语动词之间的区别(3)不定式的被动语态作定语表示被动和将来;现在分词的被动语态表示正在被进行的动作;过去分词作定语表示该动作的被动和完成。The power station being built now will be one of the largest in China.正在建设中的发电站将是中国最大的发电站之一。(建造发电站的动作正在进行。)Some people invited to the party are famo
45、us poets.被邀请到聚会上的一些人是著名的诗人。(表示被动和完成。)六、独立主格结构非谓语动词前带有自己的逻辑主语,在句中作状语,被称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构可作时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语。1.名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall,some measuring over 90 meters.那里气候潮湿,树长得很高,有些树高达90多米。(代词+现在分词,some与measure是主动关系。)2.The old town is on the side of a mountai
46、n and opposite it is the 5,500-metre Yulong Xueshan Mountain,its peak covered with snow.古城依山而建,对面是海拔5500米的玉龙雪山,山峰被积雪覆盖。(名词+过去分词,its peak与cover是被动关系。)Lots of work to do,I have to work extra hours.由于有很多的工作要做,我只得加班。(名词+不定式,work与do是主动关系。)六、独立主格结构2.名词/代词+(being)+形容词/副词He stood there,his mouth wide open.他
47、站在那里,嘴张得大大的。(名词+形容词。)Summer holidays(being)over,students returned to school.暑假结束了,学生们回到了学校。(名词+副词。)3.名词/代词+介词短语Then,last night,I followed him here and climbed in,sword in hand.于是,昨天晚上我就跟踪他到了这儿,拿着剑爬了进来。4.There/It being+名词/代词/形容词There being no one to turn to,the boy had to stand up himself.因为没有人可以求助,小
48、男孩只好自己占了起来。(There being+代词。)It being fine,we can go to the beach.天气很好,我们可以去海滩。(It being+形容词。)六、独立主格结构5.with复合结构此结构有“with/without+名词/代词+介词短语/形容词/副词/分词”等形式。She stood there chatting with her friend,with her child playing beside her.她站在那和朋友聊天,她的孩子在一边玩耍。(with+名词+分词。)He sat there thinking,with his chin on
49、 his hand.他手托下巴坐在那儿思考。(with+名词+介词短语。)With a lot of work to do,I cant go with you.因为有许多工作要做,我不能跟你一起去了。(with+名词+不定式。)非谓语动词巩固练习选择填空1.Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A.enter B.to enter C.entering D.entered2.He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early b
50、us.A.to hope B.hope C.hoping D.hoped3.He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A.practice B.to practice C.practicing D.practiced4.Before going abroad he devoted all he could _ his oral English.A.improve B.to improve C.improving D.to improvingBCCD非谓语动词巩固练习选择填空5.All her time _ experiments,she h