1、科普型事理说明文科普型事理说明文阅读及做题技巧阅读及做题技巧2021届全国高考英语冲刺复习说明文在高考阅读理解中的比重：年份总题数ABCD2020全国I卷15应用文记叙文议论文说明文2019全国I卷15应用文记叙文说明文说明性议论文2018全国I卷15应用文记叙文说明文说明文2017全国I卷15应用文记叙文记叙文说明文2016全国I卷15说明文议论文记叙文说明文高考阅读理解中的说明文高考阅读理解中的说明文概念概念：客观描述事物，阐明事理的文体。分类分类：事物性说明文 （解说实体事物，如仪器/产品/自然环境等）事理性说明文 （阐明抽象事理，如概念/科学原理/定律等）题材题材：涉及科学科技/社会/
2、文化等多个领域。如介绍科学领域的研究成果、产品的工艺或使用说明、自然或社会现象产生的原因及解决办法、人文地理等科普知识large vocabularylong and complicated sentencesabstract concepts(抽象概念)new topics高考说明文难在哪儿？高考说明文难在哪儿？4.耐心分析与解题相关的长难句耐心分析与解题相关的长难句3.把握关键词把握关键词/并忽略无关紧要的修饰词并忽略无关紧要的修饰词1.把握首段把握首段/尾段尾段/及段落中心句（段首句）及段落中心句（段首句）2.通过每个段落中心句快速掌握文章结构通过每个段落中心句快速掌握文章结构高考说明文
3、阅读技巧高考说明文阅读技巧Pinocchio may be just a childrens fairy tale,but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called“Pinocchio effect”and found that our noses dont grow when we tell a lie,but actually shrink a bit.童话故事：皮诺曹童话故事：皮诺曹 说谎鼻子变长说谎鼻子变长 that our noses dont grow w
4、hen we tell a lie,but actually shrink a bit.科学家发现科学家发现“皮诺曹效应皮诺曹效应”，当人们说谎的时候，鼻，当人们说谎的时候，鼻子不会长反而会缩小。子不会长反而会缩小。通过关键词通过关键词but判断前后文关系为转折关系，前文表明说谎鼻子不会变长，推判断前后文关系为转折关系，前文表明说谎鼻子不会变长，推测生词测生词shrink的意思可能为变短，的意思可能为变短，shrink“缩小缩小”Dr.Gmez Miln and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）
5、to tell if people were lying,and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful,the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2,while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5.Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused
6、 it to slightly shrink,although the difference is undetected by the human eye.实验方法实验方法实验结果实验结果实验结果实验结果“One has to think in order to lie,which rises the temperature of the forehead,”Dr.Gmez Miln explained the findings.“At the same time we feel anxious,which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For thi
7、s study,researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology.One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie.Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the ca
8、ll.Interestingly,this lie detector picked up the“Pinocchio effect”temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects,which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.实验对象实验对象实验内容实验内容实验效果实验效果“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”,said Dr.Gmez Miln,who ad
9、ded that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy“皮诺曹效应皮诺曹效应”前景前景说明文阅读方法及解题技巧：Step 1.略读。在第一遍通读文章时，明确每段话的主旨句，了解段落大意。（阅读过程中标记关键词关键词：人名、专有名词、表结论/对比/因果等）Step 2.梳
10、理段落主旨句，掌握文章架构文章架构，体会作者写作者写作目的及意图作目的及意图。Step 3.做题。仔细阅读题干，判断题目与文章各个段落的相关性相关性，二次精读时将选项代入对应段落，继而得出答案。（说明文设问题型全面：细节理解题/推理判断题/主旨大意题等，做题方法不同，详见解析。）1.Why does the author mention“Pinocchio”at the beginning?A.To tell a fairy story B.To warn us not to lie.C.To introduce a research.D.To inspire us to doubt old
11、beliefs.解析：本题设问旨在考察学生是否抓住了作者的写作意图。本题与文章首段相关。首段主旨为介绍科学家的新发现，人说谎时，鼻子会缩小，与我们所熟知的“Pinocchio”匹诺曹的通话故事完全相反。所以作者通过提及这一故事，引出下文。2.According to the research,what might happen if you tell a lie?A.Your nose gets longer.B.Your nose becomes smaller.C.Your temperature gets higher.D.Your temperature remains stable.
12、3.What can we learn about the research?A.Researchers conduct the study by interviewing.B.Researchers design difference lies for participants.C.The thermal lie detector will prove a popular one.D The thermal lie doctor may assist law enforcement.细节理解题。通过关键词定位Para.2 科学实验/结论中关键句：Scientist also found th
13、at drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink。句中关键词“shrink”可通过首段尾句的转折词but推测意思。细节题。最后一段law enforcement interviewers could combine with thermal imaging to achieve better results.执法者可以通过温度测谎仪达到更好的效果。4.Which might be the best title for the passage?A.Will lie detectors tell t
14、he truth?B.Will lying make your nose longer?C.Will lying make your temperature rise?D.Will thermal imaging technology be reliable?解析：最佳标题题。对文章主旨大意的再次精炼对文章主旨大意的再次精炼。整篇文章围绕“匹诺曹效应”说谎会导致鼻子缩小这一科学结论展开，所以只有B选项符合这一主旨。把握说明方法，抓准关键词把握说明方法，抓准关键词 在行文中，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或把事理阐述明白，通常会用到下列说明方法：举例子、做比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比
15、方、下定义、列图标、引用、假设、对比或类比等。对应的就会出现一些标志性的用词：find/discover/prove/indicate/state/stress/explain/show/for example/for instance/define/compare/cause表示上下文逻辑关系的词例证关系For example,for instance,in fact/as a matter of fact,actually,in other words/that is to say转折关系But,however,yet,or/otherwise,instead,still,while/th
16、ough/although,on the contrary,nevertheless(然而),in contrast/comparison,by comparison因果关系So,therefore,thus,consequently,as a result(of),so/suchthat,so that递进关系Besides,furthermore,moreover,whats more,whats worse,not onlybut also,even,as well并列关系And,first,then/next,to begin with,someothers,for one thing
17、,for another高考阅读理解科普性事理说明文真题实战训练Passage 1.2020年，新高考全国I 卷山东According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier peopl
18、e who order large portions(份),its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.38.What is the recent study mainly about?A.Food safetyB.Movie viewershipC.Consumer demandD.Eating behavior39.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C
19、.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persons.细节理解题。可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的体型和食量都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。To test the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.In the firs
20、t,95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership.Before the film began,each woman was asked to help herself to a snack.An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.In her natural state,the actor weighed 105 poun
21、ds.But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.40.Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if the participants could recognize her.C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To st
22、udy why she could keep her weight down.在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。究人员进行了两个实验。The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions.If this fellow par
23、ticipant is going to eat more,so will I.Call it the“Ill have what shes having”effect.However,well adjust the influence.If an overweight person is having a large portion,Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits.But if a thin person eats a lot,Ill follow suit.If he can eat mu
24、ch and keep slim,why cant I?41.On what basis do we“adjust the influence”according to the last paragraph?A.How hungry we are.B.How slim we want to be.C.How we perceive others.D.How we feel about the food.通过题干关键词定位。后文告诉我们，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据对他人的看法来调整食量大小的。perceivev.感觉，察觉认知Homework完成剩余配套练习Thanks!
