1、Unit 4 Grammar and usage虚拟语气虚拟语气1）概念概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。或与事实相反。2）在条件句中的应用在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气。wereV-edshould(wouldcould,might)shou
2、ld(wouldcould,might)shouldwere toshould(wouldcould,might)had Ved 虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：1.假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而顶。假设的时间而顶。If the weather had been finer,the crops would be growing still better.If you had
3、followed the teachers advice,you wouldnt be in the hospital.2.假设条件虚拟倒装。假设条件虚拟倒装。条件从句中有条件从句中有should，were，had三个助动词可以把三个助动词可以把if省略，并将省略，并将这三个词提至句首。这三个词提至句首。If I were you,I would give it up.Were I you,I would give it up.If it were not for your advice,we couldnt have got over the difficulties.Were it not
4、 for your advice,we couldnt have got over the difficulties.If I had had time,I would have run round that lake again.Had I had time,I would have run round that lake again.If there should be a flood,what should we do?Should there be a flood,what should we do?注意：注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用的过去
5、时态一律用were，不用，不用was，即在从句中即在从句中be用用were代替。代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你，就会去找他。如果我是你，就会去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题典型例题_todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI在虚拟条件状语中如果有在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词主语提前这三个词主语提前,变成变成we
6、re,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo.,而不能说而不能说WerentItodo.1.Had you listened to the doctor,you _ all right now.A.are B.were C.would be D.would have been2._ any change about the date,please tell me immediately.A
7、.Will there be B.Should there be C.There will be D.There should be3._ today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leave4.Should it rain,the crops _.A.would be saved B.would have been saved C.will be saved D.had been saved5.You _ come earlier.The bu
8、s left a moment ago.A.would B.should have C.may D.have 6.What should we do if it _ tomorrow?A.should snow B.would snow C.snow D.will snow7.You _ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.A.may not make B.might not make C.shouldnt have made D.might not have made8.If it were not for the fa
9、ct that you _ ill,I would ask you to do this right now.A.were B.had been C.are D.should beIf you had not slept with the window open,you would not have caught a cold.If I were not to have a test,I would go to the concert tonight.If he were here,he should help us.1.Weusemixedconditionalswhenthemaincla
10、useandtheif-clauseareaboutdifferenttenses.Eg.If you had come and attended the meeting yesterday,you would know what we are doing now.If you had followed my advice,you would not be in trouble now.2.useotherwise,orandphrasesbeginningwithwith,withoutandbut fortoreplaceanif-clauseinimpliedconditionals W
11、ithout air ,there would be no living things.But for your help ,I couldnt have done it.I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them.(If I hadnt been busy that day,I would have gone there with them.)I would have finished the work,but I have been ill.(If I hadnt been ill,I would have
12、 finished the work.)(If there were not air)(If it hadnt been for your help)3.Inadverbialclausesintroducedby even if,as if,as thoughandif onlywecanuseunrealconditionals.即使生了病，他也去办公室。Even if he had been ill,he would have gone t his office.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。He treated me as if I were a stranger.她谈论那部影片，
13、就好像她确实看过一样。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.虚拟语气特殊句型：虚拟语气特殊句型：1.wish/if only 现在：过去：未来：did（were）haddonewoulddo 1.IwishIwereabird.（现在）（现在）2.IwishIhadntmadesuchamistake.（过去）（过去）3.Wewishourparentswouldntpunishus.（将来）（将来）If only I knew his name!If only we had followed your advice!If
14、 only I could see him again!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我没错过火车就好了！要是我没错过火车就好了！If only our parents could live with us!If only I hadnt missed the train!IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadntsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样他希望他没讲那样的话。的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明下雨就好我希望明下雨就好了。了。2）wisht
15、odo表达法。表达法。wishsb/sthtodoIwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.2.wouldratherthat现在：过去：未来：Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.Iwouldratheryouhadgone,too.Dontcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.diddidhad done3.Its(about/high)time+thatshould d
16、odid你该走了。你该走了。我们该去我们该去睡觉了。睡觉了。Itshightimethatyouwent.Itshightimethatyouweregoing.Itshightimethatyoushouldgo.Itstimethatwewenttobed.Itstimethatweshouldgotobed.4.表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气。表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气。1.宾语从句。常见动词：宾语从句。常见动词：一个坚持，两个命一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求。即令，三个建议，四个要求。即1.insist2.order,command3.advise,suggest,prop
17、ose4.demand,require,request,desire这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词气用法。即从句中的动词使用使用should+动动词原形，或者将词原形，或者将should省略。省略。我们建议我们建议Tom去休息一下。去休息一下。他坚决要求我到场。他坚决要求我到场。国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。WesuggestedthatTomhavearest.HeinsistedthatI(should)bepresent.Thekingorde
18、redthattheprisonersbekilledthenextday.Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendthemtoworkthere.Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.注意：注意：如如suggest,insist不表示不表示建议建议或或坚坚持要某人做某事时持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明暗示、表明、坚持认为坚持认为时，宾语从句用时，宾语从句用陈述语气陈述语气。1.Theguardatgateinsisted
19、thateverybody_(obey)therules.2.Heinsistedthatshe_(be)seriouslyillandthat_(send)tohospitalsatonce.3.Hesuggestedthatwe_(have)ameetingatonce.4.Hispalefacesuggestedthathe_(be)ill.obeywasbe senthavewas以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句包括以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语也要使用虚主语从句，表语从句和同位语也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。
20、order,advice,suggestion,order,advice,suggestion,proposal,demand,request,proposal,demand,request,desiredesireItssuggestedthattheplanbecarriedout.Mydemandisthatsheshouldcometoseemeonceaweek.Allofusarefortheadvicethatthechemicalfactoryshouldbecloseddown.5.Its necessary/strange/natural/important+that-Cl
21、ause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形动词原形It is important that we(should)master a foreign language.It is strange that she refuse to come to the party.Its necessary that we should study hard.6.某些简单句的固定句型：某些简单句的固定句型：Heaven help him!God bless you!May you succeed!Long live the Peoples Republic of Ch
22、ina!1.(NMET 06)Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it _ yesterday.A.was happening B.happens C.has happened D.happened2.(05江苏)-Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York?-I agree,but the problem is _he has refused to.A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;that C.should not be
23、sent;what D.should not send;what3.(05湖北)If I _plan to do anything I wanted to,Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.A.would B.could C.had to D.ought toI.Multiple choice:1.We demanded that we _ of any change in the plan.A.informed B.would be informed C.be informed D.had
24、been informed2.Its necessary that he _ a recognized qualification.A.has B.have C.had D.having3.Its high time we _ our attention to this problem.A.turned B.turn C.had turned D.would turn4.If only you _ him what I said!Everything would have been all right.A.didnt told B.hadnt told C.would not tell D.w
25、ould have not told5.He must have had an accident,or he_ here then.A.would have been B.had been C.should have been D.could be6.Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_ before.A.had invented B.were invented C.should have been invented D.had been invented7._ cease advertising,pric
26、es would be significantly reduced.A.Were they to B.Could they C.If they D.Would they8.Five minutes earlier,and we _ the last bus.A.had caught B.should have caught C.could have caught D.caught9.You _ the clothes!We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.A.shouldnt have washed B.mustnt have washe
27、d C.can not have washed D.neednt have washed10.Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A.has to get B.were to get C.had got D.could have got11.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.A
28、.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injure12.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A.were not played B.not to play C.not be played D.did not play13.You dont have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you _ on business first.A.would go B.will go C.
29、went D.have gone14.It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.A.be collected B.must be collected C.was collected D.can be collected15.If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A.approve B.will approve C.can approve D.would approve16.I dont thin
30、k it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A.is assigned B.will be assigned C.be assigned D.has been assigned17.You _ her in her office last Friday;shes been out of town for two weeks.A.neednt have seen B.must have seen C.might have seen D.cant have seen18.We didnt know his tele
31、phone number,otherwise we _ him.A.would have telephoned B.must have telephoned C.would telephone D.had telephoned19.It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started20.I wish I _ longer this m
32、orning,but I had to get up and come to class.A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept21.I _ her to the party but I didnt know her well.A.ought have invited B.would have invited C.should invite D.may have invited22.You _ to town to see the film last week.It will be on TV tomorrow.A.
33、neednt go B.should not go C.had better not go D.neednt have gone23.-Would you have called her up had it been possible?-Yes,but I _ busy doing my homework.A.Was B.were C.had been D.would be24.It was essential that the application forms _back before the deadline A.must be sent B.would be sent C.be sen
34、t D.were sent25.It is important that we _.A.shall close the window before we leave B.will close the window before we leave C.must close the window before we leave D.close the window before we leaveII.Translation:1.我不知道他的电话号码,否则我就打电话给他了。I didnt know his telephone number,otherwise I would have telepho
35、ned him.2.他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。He might have given you more help,even though he was very busy.3.-如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？-会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。-Would you have called her up had it been possible?-Yes,but I were busy doing my homework.4如果你昨晚没有看电影那么晚的话，你现在就不会那么困了。If you hadnt seen that film late last night,you wouldnt be so sleepy.5.没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。Without electricity,human life would be quite different today
