1、1ppt课件2ppt课件vLeft-to-Right ProgressionvFixationvEye SpanvReturn SweepvRegressionEye-Movement PatternsObserving Eye-Movement Patterns3ppt课件vAs your eyes move across a line of print,they move and stop,move and stop.When your eyes stop,or focus,this is called a fixation.4ppt课件vAs your eyes stop,or fixa
2、te,while progressing from left to right across the line,they see a certain number of words or letters.The amount you see during each fixation is called your eye span.vEye spans varies individually according to the type of material you are reading.5ppt课件vWhen your eyes reach the end of a line of prin
3、t,they return to the beginning of the next line.This return motion is called the return sweep.Although your eyes are already trained to return automatically,the speed with which they make this return is variable.6ppt课件vYour eyes normally progress in a left-to-right direction,seeing each word in the
4、order it was written.Occasionally,your eyes will move back-ward,or regress,to a word already read instead of moving to the next word.vRegression is often unnecessary and slows you down.7ppt课件vExperiment 1:Observing Eye MovementAsk the other person to hold up the book so that you can see his or her e
5、yes as he or she reads.Then direct the person to start reading a paragraph.As he or she reads,notice how the eyes move and stop,move and stop.Also notice the return sweep to the beginning of the next line.Eye-Movement Patterns8ppt课件vExperiment 2:Counting FixationsAs the person reads,count the number
6、 of eye stops or fixations made on each line.By counting the average number of words on the line and dividing it by the average number of fixations per line,you will be able to work out the persons eye span.Eye-Movement Patterns9ppt课件vFrequent regression interferes with your comprehension and slows
7、you down.You can reduce regression by using the following techniques:Eye-Movement Patterns10ppt课件v1.Force yourself to move your eyes only from left to right.Do not regress in the middle of a sentence.Instead,if the meaning of a sentence is unclear after you have finished reading it,reread the entire
8、 sentence.Eye-Movement Patterns11ppt课件v2.Use a card to prevent regression to previous lines.As you read,slide the card down the page so that it covers what you have already read.Eye-Movement Patterns12ppt课件13ppt课件 Key word reading is a new technique.Although it is faster than most of the careful rea
9、ding techniques,the reader must expect a decrease in factual comprehension skill.In some situations,it is worth the loss,depending on the readers purpose and the type of material being read.14ppt课件 Key word reading is a new technique.Although it is faster than most of the careful reading techniques,
10、the reader must expect a decrease in factual comprehension skill.In some situations,it is worth the loss,depending on the readers purpose and the type of material being read.15ppt课件 Our point here is really very simple:many books are hardly worth even skimming.Some should be read quickly;and a few s
11、hould be read at a rate,usually quite slow,that allow for complete comprehension.It is wasteful to read a book slowly that deserves only a fast reading;speed reading skills can help you solve that problem.But this is only one reading problem.16ppt课件 Our point here is really very simple:many books ar
12、e hardly worth even skimming.Some should be read quickly;and a few should be read at a rate,usually quite slow,that allow for complete comprehension.It is wasteful to read a book slowly that deserves only a fast reading;speed reading skills can help you solve that problem.But this is only one readin
13、g problem.17ppt课件vKey word reading involves skipping nonessential words and reading only those words and phrases that carry the primary or core meaning of each sentence.18ppt课件vUsing sentence structurecore parts:subject:what the sentence is aboutpredicate:what action occurredobject:who or what recei
14、ved the action19ppt课件vUsing sentence structure20ppt课件vUsing sentence structurevUsing punctuation21ppt课件vUsing sentence structurevUsing punctuationvUsing typographical(排版,印刷的)aidsboldface printcolored printitalicscaptalizationunderlining enumberation22ppt课件vUsing sentence structurevUsing punctuationv
15、Using typographical(排版,印刷的)aids23ppt课件vUsing sentence structurevUsing punctuationvUsing typographical(排版,印刷的)aidsvUsing grammatical structureMany words in English language work very much like glue-they stick other,more important words together.These words are usually prepositions,conjunctions,or pro
16、nouns.In summary,it seems safe to say that society,on the whole,believes that individuals can control their destiny.In summary,it seems safe to say that society,on the whole,believes that individuals can control their destiny.24ppt课件vE.g.(When to slow down?)Selceting a career to match your interests
17、,skills,and abilities is critically important.However,few students are able to find a perfect match.Instead,most students must settle for25ppt课件Reading Rate CuesSpeed-Up CuesRepetitious InformationExamplesagain,in other words,that isfor instance,such asSlow-down CuesChange in thoughtSummary Conclusi
18、on Emphasishowever,despite,instead ofin summary,for these reasonsto sum up,in briefin conclusion,thus,therefore most important,it is essential Maintain-Speed CuesContinuation Enumeration(listing)likewise,similarly,in additionFirst,second,next,1),2)26ppt课件27ppt课件vWord-by-Word reading is time consumin
19、g and,in many cases,actually detracts from understanding the meaning of a sentence.28ppt课件spirits neutral of combination a is Vodkabring to added is water The.water andneutral Since.proof final its to vodka,neutral equally much pretty are spiritsbut subtle for makes that water the is it.differences
20、appreciableThe following paragraph is written so that you will have to read it from right to left,forcing you to read each word separately.29ppt课件vClustering is the technique of grouping words together.Clustering involves widening your eye span so that you see several words in one fixation.How to Cl
21、uster Read30ppt课件vTo cluster most effectively,however,you should try to group words together that naturally fit or go together.vWhen you group words together in meaning units,you will find that it is easier to understand what you read.vBy widening your eye span,and thereby reducing the number of fix
22、ations per line,you are reducing the time it takes to read a line and are increasing your reading rate.31ppt课件v(Public libraries provide)(access to a)(world of)(information.But they)(also contribute to the)(preservation of our)(valuable forests.Each)(library saves a)(forest of)(trees by)(making indi
23、vidual)(purchase of books)(and periodicals unnecessary).(Public libraries)(provide access)(to a world)(of information).(But they also)(contribute to the)(preservation of)(our valuable forests).(Each library)(saves a forest)(of trees)(by making)(individual purchase)(of books and periodicals)(unnecess
24、ary).32ppt课件vFor most students,learning to read in cluster requires considerable practice.You may find it takes several weeks of continued practice.To develop the skill,try to read as many things as possible in clusters.Begin by reading easier material in phrases.vAs you begin cluster reading,you ma
25、y find that you frequently lapse back into word-by-word reading.This is a natural happening since your attention focuses on the content of the material rather than the technique of reading.Once you realize that you have lapsed into word-to-word reading,just switch back to cluster reading and continu
26、e reading.33ppt课件 When you cluster read,it should feel like this.Your eyes should move and stop,move and stop.Each time your eyes stop or fixate they should see a meaningful phrases.Cluster reading will improve your comprehension and help you read faster.34ppt课件When you cluster read it should feelli
27、ke this.Your eyes shouldmove and stop,move and stop.Each timeyour eyes stopor fixatethey should seea meaningful phrasesCluster reading will improveyour comprehensionand help youread faster.35ppt课件vOur environment is getting worse and worse with the increase of the world population,which affects the
28、environment in two ways.Firstly,the limited energy resources will be used up much faster.Secondly,the increasing population creates more pollution,another severe problem that needs to be solved.Both problems are long-term ones because actions taken now show their results slowly over many years.They are also urgent because delays in action can lead to great suffering and social roblems.(79WS)36ppt课件
