1、小学英语语法形容词和小学英语语法形容词和副词副词形容词n形容词(adjective 简称 adj.或 a.)n修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质,状态和特征。n根据形式,形容词可以分为简单形容词(由单个词构成的)和复杂形容词(两个或两个以上的词构成的)如:beautiful是简单形容词,good-looking是复杂形容词ne.g:She is a good-looking girl.(good-looking是由形容词good和分词looking构成的复合形容词。)4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely
2、,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:The Times is a weekly paper.时代周刊为周刊。The Times is published weekly.时代周刊每周发行一期。4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the ric
3、h,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如:The poor are losing hope.穷人行将失去希望。2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese 等。例如:The English have wonderful sense of humor.英国人颇有幽默感。三、形容词和副词的级三、形容词和副词的级形容词和副词有三个等级:形容词和副词有三个等级:原级、比较级、最高级原级、比较级、最高级1.原级:即形容词和副词的原形。原级:即形容词和副
4、词的原形。small,good,pretty,big,many hard,happily,slowly,quickly 程度副词程度副词very,too,so,quite等修饰形容等修饰形容词和副词的原级。词和副词的原级。如:如:very tall、too hot、so cold quite interesting run quickly 程度副词程度副词very,too,so,quite等修饰形容等修饰形容词和副词的原级。词和副词的原级。如:如:very tall、too hot、so cold quite interesting run quickly asas,(与与一样)一样)not
5、as(so)as(与(与不一样)中间用原级。不一样)中间用原级。The story is as interesting as that one.The question is not as/so difficult as that one.形容词的用法1)形容词在句子中通常放在名词前面,形容词+名词,含有“的”意思。如:na clever boy 一个聪明的男孩na blue car 一辆蓝色的汽车n注意:形容词在修饰someone,somebody,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时,需要置于其后。如:nsomething important 重要的事情nnot
6、hing interesting没有什么有趣的事2)形容词在句子中也常放在系动词之后,名词+系动词+形容词,如:nThese flowers are red.这些花是红色的。(形容词red在句中放在系动词be之后。)Bob looks smart today.今天鲍勃看上去很精神。3 形容词与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、距离”的词连用时,常放在后面。I am 1.60 meters tall.我1米60。She is 12 years old.我12岁。Exercise1、She is a()girl.A、beautiful B、beauty C、beautifully2、The food ta
7、stes()A、terribly B、delicious C、deliciously形容词的比较级和最高级句型。形容词的比较级和最高级句型。一一.形容词的概念形容词的概念2.形容词可以放在 bebe 动词之后,用来 叙述和说明主语 This suit is blue.These suits are blue.The apple is red.The apples are red.3.形容词的类别:形容词简单形容词:由单个词构成复合形容词:由两个或两个 以上词构成darkblue(深蓝的)lightgreen(浅绿的)goodlooking(好看的)newborn(新生的)evergreen(常
8、青的)snowwhite(雪白的)big smallopen closedtall short short long4.形容词中的反义词:Beautiful uglyhappy sadill wellYoungoldfast slowtallshort fatthin strongweak happysad 高的-矮的 胖的-瘦的 结实的-虚弱的 快乐的-悲伤的youngold newold longshort bigsmall 年轻的-年老的 新的 旧的 长的 短的 大的 小的biglittle goodbad hotcold warmcool大的 小的 好的 坏的 热的 冷的 温暖的 凉爽
9、的drywet fullempty cleandirty fastslow 干的 湿的 满的 空的 干净的 脏的 快的 慢的 thickthin lightheavy ill well sweet bitter 厚的 薄的 轻的 重的 生病的 好的 甜的 苦的 noise quiet beautiful ugly clever stupid 吵闹的 安静的 漂亮的 丑陋的 聪明的 愚笨的写出下列形容词和副词的反义词写出下列形容词和副词的反义词 1.fast 2.tall 3.heavy 4.empty 5.fat 6.easy 7.clean 8.safe 9.late 10.fat 11.c
10、old 12.dry 13.slowly 14.easily 15.little 16.few 17.good 18.while副词放在所修饰的动词之后、形容词和副副词放在所修饰的动词之后、形容词和副 词之词之前前。如果前面是行为动词,则后面用副词。如果前面是行为动词,则后面用副词。如如:1.She works hard.(修饰动词)2.I am very busy.(修饰形容词)3.He runs too quickly.(修饰副词)4.We play happily.(修饰动词)副词副词是用来修饰是用来修饰动词、形容词、动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词,其他副词或全句的词,表示时间、地点、
11、程度、表示时间、地点、程度、状态状态等。如:等。如:副词的概念副词的概念通常在形容词后加通常在形容词后加-ly变成副词。变成副词。slow _ real _usual _ careful_easy _ happy _heavy _ angry _slowlyusuallyeasilyheavilyreallycarefullyhappilyangrilyThe dog is bigger than the mouse.The horse is the biggest of all.The boy is younger than the man.The baby is the youngest
12、of the three.bigbiggerbiggestyoung youngeryoungestJimLi LeiTomLi Lei is taller than Tom.Jim is the tallest of all.¥30¥20¥10The yellow coat is cheaper than the purple one.The brown coat is the cheapest of the three.The dog is bigger than the mouseThe boy is younger than the man.Li Lei is taller than
13、Tom.The yellow coat is cheaper than the purple one.A +be+比较级比较级+than+B形容词比较级句式的结构:形容词比较级句式的结构:The horse is the biggest of all.The baby is the youngest of the three.The brown coat is the cheapest.Jim is the tallest in our class.主语主语 +be +the +最高级最高级+of/in.形容词最高级句式的结构:形容词最高级句式的结构:¥30¥20¥10TomLi LeiJim
14、youngcheaptallJim is strong.Li Lei is .Tom is .strongerthe strongestThe blue car is nice.The red car the blue car.(红车比蓝车好看)红车比蓝车好看)The colour car of all.(彩色车最好看)(彩色车最好看)is nicer thanis the nicestbigbiggerLook at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解Look at the picture
15、s and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解bigbiggerbiggestfastLook at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解fastfasterLook at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解fastfasterfastestLook at the Look at the pictures pictures
16、 and understand and understand 看图并理解副词n副词(adverb缩写为adv.或ad.)n用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词,可表示时间、地点、程度、状态等。如:n1The wind is blowing strongly.风刮的很大。(副词strongly修饰动词blow,表示程度。)n2 I can see clearly.我能看的清。(副词clearly修饰动词see)n3 It is very late.天很晚了。(副词very 修饰形容词late)n4I love you very much.我很爱你。(副词very修饰副词much)副词的分类1)时间副词
17、:表示“事情发生的时间”nnow 现在 then 那时 today 今天nyesterday 昨天 2)地点副词:表示“事情发生的地点、位置。”nHere这里 there 那里 n3)频率副词:表示“事情发生的频度”nalways 总是 usually通常 often 经常nseldom很少 sometimes有时 never 从不星期日星期一星期二星期三星期四星期五星期六always 100%usually 75%often 50%sometimes25%seldom 5%never 0%4)程度副词:表示程度的深浅nmuch 很,非常 little很少 very 非常ntoo 太 quit
18、e十分5)疑问副词:用来引导一个特殊疑问句。nhow 怎样 when 什么时候 where在哪里 why 为什么 副词的用法(1)副词修饰动词时,通常位于被修饰动词的后面。如:nWe should study hard.我们应该努力学习。nYou walk too fast.你走得太快了。(2)副词修饰形容词时,通常放在形容词的前面。如:nThe boy is too young to go to school.那个小孩子太小,不能去 上学。nMark Twin is a very funny man.马克吐温是一个非常有趣的人。(3)副词修饰副词时,通常放在被修饰副词的前面。如:nLihua
19、 dances very well.李华的舞跳得很好。nThank you very much.非常感谢。(4)表示频率的副词,通常位于主谓之间,也可以位于句首。nHe often goes to school by bike.n他经常骑车去上学。nSometimes he goes to see his grandmother.n他有时候去看他的奶奶。副词的作用nHe runs fast.run 为动词,fast是副词nShe does his homework carefully.does 为动词,carefully是副词nI eat my dinner quickly.eat 为动词,c
20、arefully是副词副词的比较级和最高级n一般的副词(规则中1,2,3变化而来)为长音节词,这些词的比较级和最高级同形容词中长音节词的变化规则一样,在词的前面加more变成比较级,在词前面加most 构成最高级。例如:ncarefullymore carefullymost carefully slowlymore slowlymost slowly一般的副词(规则中1,2,3变化而来)为长音节词,这些词的比较级和最高级同形容词中长音节词的变化规则一样,在词的前面加more变成比较级,在词前面加most 构成最高级。例如:carefullymore carefullymost careful
21、ly slowlymore slowlymost slowlyn与形容词同形的副词,这些词的比较级和最高级和形容词一致。nfast-faster-fastest hardharderhardest latelaterlatest earlyearlier-earliest n特殊记 wellbetterbest badlyworse-worst as.as和一样n He walks as fast as I.因为句中walk是动词,所以asas中间应该用副词原级,修饰动词walk。n注:当as前面是be动词时,asas之间用形容词原级;当as前面是动词时,asas 之间用副词原级。n5)句子中
22、有助动词或be动词时,副词一般位于助动词或be动词之后。如:nThe visitors have just arrived.n这些游客已经到达了。nThe bus is always crowded.n车里总是拥挤的。4.5 副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面
23、有奇怪的光。b.方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:He speaks English well.他英语说得好。二、副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:Please write slowly and carefully.请写得慢一些,仔细一些3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:I dont know him well enough.他我不熟悉。There is enough foo
24、d for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。There is food enough for everyone to eat.4.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1)close与closely close意思是近;closely 意思是仔细地。例如:He is sitting close to me.他就坐在我边上。Watch him closely.盯着他。2)late 与lately late意思是晚;lately 意思是最近。例如:You have come too late.你来得太晚了。What have you been doing lately?近来好吗?3)de
25、ep与deeplydeep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地。例如:He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:The plane was flying high.这架飞机飞得很高。I think highly of your opinion.你的看法很有道理。5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度;wide
26、ly意思是广泛地,在许多地方。例如:He opened the door wide.他把门开得大大的。English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地。例如:You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。You may speak freely;say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。Exercise 1)My father().A、works
27、hard B、hard works C、work hardly 2)The dress is().A、beautiful quite B、quite beautiful C、quite beauty 3)Tom speaks English().A、well so B、well very C、so well 4)I()him speak English.A、often hear B、hear often C、hear usually 5)She()beautiful.A、so is B、is very C、very is副词的变化u 1一般情况下直接加“ly”,如 quickquicklyu
28、2以辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词要变“y”为“i”,然后再加“ly”,如happyhappilyu 3某些辅音字母加不发音字母“e”结尾和以“ue”结尾的形容词要先去掉“e”,然后再加“y”或“ly”,如terribleterribly truetrulyu 4有些词即可以做形容词,也可以做副词。如fast-fast 形容词的比较级规则原级比较级1在词尾后直接加-ertall /strong taller/stronger2词尾是e,只加-rnice/latenicer/later3以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变i再加-erhappy/earlyhappier/earlier4重读闭音节,末尾只
29、有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加-erthin/hotthinner/hotter1 单音节和少数双音节词比较级的规则变化:2 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-morevbeautiful-more beautifulvwonderful-more wonderful词词 尾尾 变变 化化原级原级比较比较级级最高最高级级单音节词在词尾加单音节词在词尾加-er(比较级比较级)或或-est(最高级最高级)以字母以字母e接尾的词加接尾的词加-r或或-sttall hard large wide以重读闭音节结尾的词末尾只有一以重读闭音节结尾的词末尾只有一个辅音字母应双写辅音字母再加个辅音字
30、母应双写辅音字母再加er或或estbig hot thin fat wet 以辅音字母以辅音字母+y结尾的词变为结尾的词变为i再加再加-er,或或-esthappy dry early narrow clever 多音节词和多数双音节词在其前面多音节词和多数双音节词在其前面加加more 和和most difficult popular slowlytaller harder larger wider tallest hardest largest widestbigger hotter fatter wetterbiggest hottest fattest wettest happier d
31、rier earlierhappiest driest earliestnarrower cleverernarrowest cleverestmore difficult more popularmore slowly most difficult most popularmost slowly少数以少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节结尾的双音节词可加词可加-er或或-est原级原级goodwellbadillmanymuchlittlefarold比较级比较级最高级最高级better bestworseworstless more mostfarther/furtherolder/elder
32、least farthest/furthestoldest/eldest巧记:巧记:特殊形式比较级特殊形式比较级共有三对二合一共有三对二合一坏病两多并两好坏病两多并两好little意思不是小意思不是小一分为二有两个一分为二有两个一是老来二是远一是老来二是远原级原级比较级比较级最高级最高级bad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostgood/wellbetter bestlittlelessleastoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2.2.不规则变化不规则变化【巧记】【巧记】:特殊
33、形式比较级特殊形式比较级,共有三对二合一共有三对二合一,坏病两多和两坏病两多和两好好 littlelittle意思不是小意思不是小,一分为二有两个一分为二有两个,一是老来二是远一是老来二是远在形容词词尾加上“er”“est”构成比较级、最高级:vbright(明亮的)brighterbrightest v broad(广阔的)broaderbroadest vcheap(便宜的)cheapercheapest vclean(干净的)cleanercleanest vclever(聪明的)cleverercleverest vcold(寒冷的)coldercoldest vcool(凉的)coo
34、lercoolest vdark(黑暗的)darkerdarkestvdear(贵的)dearerdearest vdeep(深的)deeperdeepest vfast(迅速的)fasterfastest vfew(少的)fewerfewest vgreat(伟大的)greatergreatest v hard(困难的,硬的)harderhardest vhigh(高的)higherhighest v kind(善良的)kinderkindest vlight(轻的)lighterlightest vlong(长的)longerlongest loudv(响亮的)louderloudest
35、vlow(低的)lowerlowest vnear(近的)nearernearest vnew(新的)newernewestv poor(穷的)poorerpoorest v quick(快的)quickerquickest vquiet(安静的)quieterquietest v rich(富裕的)richerrichest vshort(短的)shortershortest v slow(慢的)slowerslowest vsmall(小的)smallersmallest v smart(聪明的)smartersmartest vsoft(柔软的)softersoftest vstrong
36、(强壮的)strongerstrongest vsweet(甜的)sweetersweetest vtall(高的)-taller-tallest vthick(厚的)thickerthickest v warm(温暖的)warmerwarmest v weak(弱的)weakerweakest vyoung(年轻的)youngeryoungest 双写最后一个字母,再加上“er”“est”vbig(大的)biggerbiggest vfat(胖的)fatterfattest v hot(热的)hotterhottest v red(红的)redderreddest vsad(伤心的)sadd
37、ersaddest v thin(瘦的)thinnerthinnest vwet(湿的)wetterwettest v mad(疯的)maddermaddest 以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词,加上“r”“st”构成比较级vable(能干的)ablerablest v brave(勇敢的)braverbravest v close(接近的)closerclosest v fine(好的,完美的)finerfinestv large(巨大的)largerlargest vlate(迟的)laterlatest v nice(好的)nicernicest v ripe(成熟的)riperripest
38、 v rude(粗鲁的)ruderrudest vsafe(安全的)safersafest v strange(奇怪的)strangerstrangest v wide(宽广的)widerwidest vwise(睿智的,聪明的)wiserwisest v white(白的)whiterwhitest 以字母y结尾的形容词,把y改为i,再加上“er”“est”vbusy(忙碌的)busierbusiest vdirty(脏的)dirtierdirtiest v dry(干燥的)drierdriest v early(早的)earlierearliest veasy(容易的)easiereasi
39、est vfriendly(友好的)friendlierfriendliest vfunny(好玩的)funnierfunniest vhappy(开心的)happierhappiest vhealthy(健康的)healthierhealthiest v heavy(重的)heavierheaviest vhungry(饿的)hungrierhungriest vlazy(懒惰的)lazierlaziest vlucky(幸运的)luckierluckiest v naughty(调皮的)naughtiernaughtiestv noisy(嘈杂的)noisiernoisiest vpret
40、ty(美丽的)prettierprettiest v silly(傻的)silliersilliest v spicy(辣的)spicierspiciest vthirsty(渴的)thirstierthirstiest v ugly(丑的)uglierugliest 双音节、多音节形容词,在单词前面加上“more”“most”v afraid(害怕的)vmore afraidmost afraid v beautiful(美丽的)vmore beautifulmost beautiful v careful(仔细的)vmore carefulmost careful vcheerful(开心
41、的)vmore cheerfulmost cheerful v crowded(拥挤的)vmore dangerousmost dangerous v delicious(美味的)vmore deliciousmost delicious v difficult(困难的)vmore crowdedmost crowdedvdangerous(危险的)vmore difficultmost difficult v exciting(令人兴奋的)vmore excitingmost exciting v expensive(昂贵的)vmore expensivemost expensive vfa
42、mous(著名的)vmore famousmost famous vfrightened(受惊的)vmore frightenedmost frightened v frightening(令人害怕的v)more frighteningmost frightening v hard-working(勤奋的)vmore hard-workingmost hard-working vhelpful(有帮助的)vmore helpfulmost helpful v honest(诚实的)vmore honestmost honest v important(重要的)vmore importantmo
43、st important v interesting(有趣的)vmore interestingmost interesting v polite(有礼貌的)vmore politemost polite v terrible(可怕的)vmore terriblemost terrible v tired(累的)vmore tiredmost tired 不规则变化的形容词v bad(坏的)worseworst v far(远的)fartherfarthestv(farfurtherfurthest)v good(好的)betterbest v ill(病的)worseworst v litt
44、le(少的)lessleast v many(多的)moremost v much(多的)moremost v old(年老的)olderoldest v(oldeldereldest)v well(好的,身体好的)betterbest Tom is as tall as Mike.as+形容词原形形容词原形+asThere are as many students in our school as yours.Tom is three times as old as Mike.否定否定 not as+形容词原形形容词原形+as “和和 不一样不一样”或或 not so+形容词原形形容词原形+
45、as “不及不如不及不如 Tom is not as tall as Mike.Tom is not so tall as Mike.This truck is big enough to carry 5 tons.so+形容词原级形容词原级+that丛句丛句 such+名词名词that丛句丛句He is so big that he cant enter the room by the door.too+原级原级+to do sth.He is too young to join the army.形容词原级形容词原级+enough to do sth.比较级比较级+than This br
46、idge is longer than that one.Our school is larger than theirs.表示两者之间的选择,可使用表示两者之间的选择,可使用“Which is+比较级,比较级,or?”表示不及另一方时,使用表示不及另一方时,使用“less+原级原级+than”Which is longer,this one or that?This park is less beautiful than that one.“The+比较级比较级,the+比较级比较级”“比较级比较级+and+比较级比较级”The smaller the house is,the less i
47、t will cost us the heat.In spring,the days are getting longer and longer.one of the+最高级最高级+名词复数名词复数最高级+of(in)This is/was the最高级最高级+名词名词+that定语从句定语从句Lu Xun is one of the greatest writers last century.This is the worst film that I have seen these years.Of all the movie stars,I think Zhang Ziyi is the
48、best.用来修饰动词、形容词、用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、全句或其它副词、全句或 名词词组及句子的词。名词词组及句子的词。e.g.very,early,out,soon,quickly,etc.形容词的比较级形容词的比较级1.在使用在使用形容词形容词的时候,我们需要描述的时候,我们需要描述“更怎么样更怎么样”,由此产生,由此产生了了形容词的比较级形容词的比较级。名词、动词没有比较级形式。名词、动词没有比较级形式.2.比较级的比较级的基本形式基本形式是在单词结尾是在单词结尾+er,注意区别在名词的后面,注意区别在名词的后面+er变身为相应的职业。变身为相应的职业。3.以不发音的以不发音的e
49、结尾,单个字母结尾,单个字母e结尾,结尾,+r。4.重度闭音节重度闭音节的单词要双写再的单词要双写再+er。5.以以辅音辅音+y结尾结尾的(单个的(单个y发音的)去发音的)去y为为i+er。6.多音节多音节(大于等于(大于等于3个音节)的比较级是在单词前面个音节)的比较级是在单词前面+more,表示更加怎么样。表示更加怎么样。7.不规则不规则变形。没有规律的。变形。没有规律的。基本形式的练习1.tall -_ 7.small-_2.short-_ 8.cool-_3.strong-_ 9.cold-_4.old -_ 10.warm-_5.young-_ 11.deep-_6.long-_ 1
50、2.light-_tallershorterstrongerolderyoungerlongersmallercoolercolderwarmerdeeperlighter重读闭音节双写的练习vbig-_ vthin-_vfat-_vhot-_vwet-_vsad-_biggerthinnerfatterhotterwettersadder 以前学的ing格式也遵守重读闭音节要双写的原则。如run-running,swim-swimming。以不发音的e结尾的训练v不发音的e结尾,或者指单个e结尾的,不包括发音的e和字母组合。vlarge-_vnice-_ vfine-_largernicer