1、英语语法的基本体系英语语法的基本体系一、一、词法词法二、句法二、句法1、按句型结构分、按句型结构分 (1)简单句)简单句 (2)并列句)并列句 (3)复合句)复合句2、按使用目的可分为四类、按使用目的可分为四类 (1)陈述句)陈述句 (2)疑问句)疑问句 (3)感叹句)感叹句 (4)祈使句)祈使句1ppt课件简单句简单句o.按句型结构分有以下五种句型:按句型结构分有以下五种句型:()主语动词()主语动词(不及物)(不及物)()主语动词(及物)宾语()主语动词(及物)宾语 ()主语动词(系动词)表语()主语动词(系动词)表语 ()主语动词(及物)()主语动词(及物)1.间接宾语直接宾语间接宾语直
2、接宾语 ()主语动词宾语宾补()主语动词宾语宾补 2.按使用目的可分为四类按使用目的可分为四类 (1)陈述句()陈述句(2)疑问句)疑问句 (3)感叹句()感叹句(4)祈使句)祈使句2ppt课件复合句(1)名词性从句)名词性从句 n主语从句主语从句n宾语从句宾语从句n表语从句表语从句n同位语从句同位语从句 (2)状语从句(时间、地点、方)状语从句(时间、地点、方 式、目的、伴随、式、目的、伴随、结果等)结果等)(3)定语从句)定语从句3ppt课件一、词法一、词法o 名词名词 n.noun o 代词代词 pron.pronouno 形容词形容词 adj.adjective o 数词数词num.n
3、umeralo 动词动词v.verbo 副词副词adv.adverbo 冠词冠词art.articleo 介词介词prep.prepositiono 连词连词conj.conjunctiono 感叹词感叹词inter.interjection4ppt课件 名词名词 1、专有名词、专有名词 的分类:的分类:2、普通名词、普通名词 (1)集合名词)集合名词 (2)物质名词)物质名词 (3)抽象名词)抽象名词名词在句中的作用:名词在句中的作用:1)主语)主语 Horse runs faster than elephant.2)表语)表语 He is a teacher.3)宾语或)宾语或 构成复合宾
4、语构成复合宾语 We made him monitor of our class.4)定语或同位语)定语或同位语 This is a shoe store.5)呼语)呼语 Professor Wang,this is what you need.6)状语)状语 The lecture lasted an hour.o名词的复数形式名词的复数形式:要记规则和不规则词的变化要记规则和不规则词的变化5ppt课件 形容词形容词o在句中主要是作在句中主要是作:1)定语定语 We have had an interesting class.2)表语表语 The news is interesting.3)
5、复合宾语复合宾语 I found the news interesting.4)状语状语 He arrived home,cold and hungry.o记住以记住以a 开头的形容词不能作定语开头的形容词不能作定语:如如alone,afraid,asleep,alive 等等,eg:一条活鱼一条活鱼 是是,a fish alive/a living fish.而非而非an alive fish.o形容词的比较及以及最高级的用法形容词的比较及以及最高级的用法6ppt课件 副词副词在句中主要作状语在句中主要作状语,修饰动词修饰动词形容词形容词副词副词整个句子整个句子 7ppt课件 数词数词 基数
6、词基数词:充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、:充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、表语、同位语表语、同位语 序数词:序数词:充当定语,前面要加定冠词充当定语,前面要加定冠词 分数词:分数词:充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、表语、同位语、状语表语、同位语、状语 8ppt课件 人称代词:主格:I/you/he/she/we/she/it/we/you/they 只作主语 宾格:me/you/him/her/it/us/them 只作宾语 物主代词:形容词型:my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their 定语 名词型:mine/yours/his/hers/its/
7、ours/yours/theirs 名词型的作用 相当于名词的作用 自身代词:单数:myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself 复数:ourselves/yourselves/themselves 自身代词可作:宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语代词 相互代词:one another/each other 指示代词:this/that/these/those 作主语、宾语、表语、定语 such 作定语、主语、表语 疑问代词:who 作主语或表语 whom 作宾语 whose/what/which 作主语、表语、宾语、定语 关系代词:who/whom/whose/t
8、hat/which作主语、宾语、表语、定语 连接代词:包括疑问代词 不定代词:all/each/every/both/either/neither/one/none/little/few/many/much/other/another/some/any/no/something/nothing等9ppt课件动词动词 及物动词及物动词 跟宾语跟宾语不及物动词不及物动词 不跟宾语不跟宾语 系动词系动词 跟表语跟表语 助动词助动词 跟动词原形或分词(无特殊意义)跟动词原形或分词(无特殊意义)情态动词情态动词 跟动词原形(有自己的意思)跟动词原形(有自己的意思)动词具有人称、数、时态、语态、语气的变化
9、,还动词具有人称、数、时态、语态、语气的变化,还要注意动词过去式与过去分词中规则与不规则的要注意动词过去式与过去分词中规则与不规则的变化变化10ppt课件基本时态基本时态一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成时现在完成进行现在完成进行时时一般过去时一般过去时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成进行过去完成进行时时一般将来时一般将来时将来进行时将来进行时现在完成进行现在完成进行时时将来完成进行将来完成进行时时过去将来时过去将来时过去将来进行过去将来进行时时过去将来完成过去将来完成时时过去将来完成过去将来完成进行时进行时11ppt课件o 一般时一般时 doo 将来时
10、将来时 will/be going to do o 进行时进行时 be doing o 完成时完成时 have done o 不管变为那种时态,只要把动词原形拿来变。不管变为那种时态,只要把动词原形拿来变。12ppt课件o 动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式 to do/doing/done 1.以以 doing 为宾语的动词为宾语的动词 2.以以to do 为宾语的动词为宾语的动词 3.以以to do/doing 为宾语为宾语,但意义有别的动词但意义有别的动词 4.以以to do/doing为宾语为宾语,意义无差别的动词意义无差别的动词o 非谓语动词的时态和语态非谓语动词的时态和语态:如如:t
11、o be done/to have done /to have been done/to be doing being done/having done/having been done13ppt课件o 冠词冠词 定冠词定冠词 a an 不定冠词不定冠词 the 14ppt课件连词o 并列连词并列连词:but/and/or/nor/so/therefore/yet/however/nevertheless/for/as well as/bothand/not onlybut also/eitheror/neithernor/(and)theno 从属连词从属连词:用来引导从用来引导从句句:af
12、ter/when/before/as/while/as long as/in order that/as if 等等.15ppt课件o 动词的考法o通过语境来判断时态,如:1、-How are you today?(NMET 2000)-Oh,I as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt 2.The price,but I doubt whether it will remain so.(NMET 99)A.went down B.will go
13、down C.has gone down D.was going down 3.-Hey,look where you are going!(NMET99)-Oh,Im terribly sorry.A.Im not noticing B.I wasnt noticing C.I havent noticed D.I dont notice 4 -You havent been to Beijing,have you?(NMET 98)-.How I wish to go there!A.Yes,I have B.Yes,I havent C.No,I have D.No,I havent 5
14、.Shirley book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(NMET 98)A.has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing 6.-Hi,Tracy,you look tired.(NMET 98)-I am tired.I the living room all day.A.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted 16ppt课件句子的成分及在句中的作用句子的成分及在句
15、中的作用英语句子的成分可以是英语句子的成分可以是单词单词,也可以是,也可以是词组或从句词组或从句在句子中起主要作用的有:在句子中起主要作用的有:主语、谓语。主语、谓语。在句子中起次要作用的有:在句子中起次要作用的有:宾语宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语),补语补语(说明主语或宾语的动作说明主语或宾语的动作、状态,特征、状态,特征)状语状语(修饰形容词、动词、副词或全句的成分修饰形容词、动词、副词或全句的成分)表语表语(在系动词后,说明主语的身份、状态、特征在系动词后,说明主语的身份、状态、特征)定语定语(修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词)17ppt课件句子的主要成分及其构成:句子的主要成
16、分及其构成:主语:主语:名词或起名词作用的其他词类、短语或从句。名词或起名词作用的其他词类、短语或从句。谓语:动词或动词短语,或系动词加以形容词或名词或谓语:动词或动词短语,或系动词加以形容词或名词或起同类作用的其他词类、短语、从句。起同类作用的其他词类、短语、从句。宾语:名词或与之相当的其他词类,短语或从句。宾语:名词或与之相当的其他词类,短语或从句。(放在及物动词后面)(放在及物动词后面)定语:定语:形容词或与之相当的其他词类、形容词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句。短语或从句。(用来修饰名词或代词;单个形容词作定语一般放所(用来修饰名词或代词;单个形容词作定语一般放所修饰名词之前,短语或
17、从句放其后。)修饰名词之前,短语或从句放其后。)状语:副词、介词、短语、分词及从句等。状语:副词、介词、短语、分词及从句等。语序语序,倒装和强调倒装和强调.ppt18ppt课件二、句法o 句子按结构可以分为三类句子按结构可以分为三类n 简单句简单句n 并列句并列句n 复合句复合句 o 句子按使用目的可分为四类句子按使用目的可分为四类n 陈述句陈述句o 肯定句肯定句o 否定句否定句n 疑问句疑问句o 一般疑问句一般疑问句o 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句o 选择疑问句选择疑问句o 反意疑问句反意疑问句n 祈使句祈使句n 感叹句感叹句19ppt课件简单句:简单句:一、简单句:只有一套主语和谓语。一、简单句:
18、只有一套主语和谓语。Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing.Both Emmer and her little sister play the piano and often go to concerts.按句型结构分有按句型结构分有:20ppt课件()主语动词()主语动词:She(主语)(主语)sings(动词)(动词)1.Time flies.2.Class begins.3.Spring has come.4.The birds are singing.5.Everybody laughed.6.Fish swim.7.The med
19、icine works.21ppt课件(2)主语动词宾语:)主语动词宾语:She(主语)(主语)sings(动词)(动词)folk songs(宾语)(宾语).1.We are learning English.2.My sister prepares her lessons after supper.3.She plays the piano beautifully.4.The children watch TV in the evening.5.I planted some flowers in the garden.6.The girls are picking cotton in th
20、e field.7.We invited some foreign friends to the show.22ppt课件(3)主语系动词表语:)主语系动词表语:She is a great singer.(主语)(主语)(系动词)(系动词)(表语)(表语)1.This is our classroom.2.It is bright and clean.3.My parents are both teachers.4.The story is very instructive.5.School is over.6.We were all out.7.Tom looks young.8.You
21、seem tired.9.I feel quite comfortable.10.The weather is keeping fine.11.He remained silent.12.The day are getting longer and longer.23ppt课件(4)主语动词宾语宾补:)主语动词宾语宾补:She asked him to sing a song.(主语)(动词)(主语)(动词)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.We call him Tom.2.The news made us happy.3.We elected him president.4.We alw
22、ays keep our office clean.5.His father named him Peter.6.I found him honest.7.We all thought her nice and sincere.8.She has got supper ready.24ppt课件(5)主语动词间接宾语直接宾语:)主语动词间接宾语直接宾语:She sang him a song.(主语)(主语)(动词)(动词)(间宾)(间宾)(直宾)(直宾)1.Mother made me a coat.2.I gave him a pen.3.I wrote my brother a lett
23、er yesterday.4.I will bring you the paper tomorrow.5.Father will buy me a bike.6.Tom showed me the photo of his family.7.My sister sent me these pictures from Beijing.25ppt课件o 此句型也可改为:S+P+sth.for/to sb.eg:He showed his passport to the guard.His father will buy a mobile phone for him.26ppt课件接双宾的动词有接双
24、宾的动词有:o 买买:buy sth.for sb.o 制造制造/做做:make sth.for sb.o 节约节约:save sth.for sb.o 递递:pass/pass on sth.to sb.o 送送:send/post/mail sth.to sb.o 教:教:teach sb.sth.给给:give sth.to sb.拿拿:take/bring sth.to sb.借借:borrow/lend sth.to sb.取取:fetch sth.to sb.写写:writh sth.to sb.提供提供:offer sth to sb.27ppt课件常用于句型(5)的动词:cal
25、l,think,name,make,consider,elect,select,want,dye,paint,cut,tear,28ppt课件并列句并列句并列句并列句:由两个或两个以上的简单句组成,各简单句之间由并列连词连接 最常用的连词是:and,but,or,otherwise,or else,so,yet,and yet however,for,either or,neithernor,not onlybut also 例句:Either you are mad,or I am.Not only did she work in the village,but also she worke
26、d in mountains.29ppt课件复合句 复合句:复合句也是由两个或两个以上的句子组复合句:复合句也是由两个或两个以上的句子组成,但其作用有主有次。起主要作用的句子叫成,但其作用有主有次。起主要作用的句子叫主句,它本身可以独立,另外的句子是从属它主句,它本身可以独立,另外的句子是从属它的,因而叫从句。各个从句里都有主语和谓语。的,因而叫从句。各个从句里都有主语和谓语。复合句分复合句分:1、名词性从句、名词性从句 2、定语从句、定语从句 3、状语从句、状语从句30ppt课件1、名词性从句o 主语从句主语从句o 宾语从句宾语从句o 表语从句表语从句o 同位语从句同位语从句31ppt课件(
27、1)主语从句)主语从句 主语从句:从句充当主语主语从句:从句充当主语 引导词有:连接词引导词有:连接词:that,whether 疑问代词:疑问代词:who,what,what,which,whose;疑问副词疑问副词:when,where,how,why,例句:例句:That Professor Zhou will come is certain.主语从句主语从句 Why he did it wasnt known.主语从句主语从句32ppt课件(2)宾语从句)宾语从句宾语从句:从句充当宾语。宾语从句:从句充当宾语。引导词有:连接词引导词有:连接词:that,whether,if 疑问代疑问
28、代词词:who,what,which,whose;疑问副词疑问副词:when,where,how,why,例句:例句:Tom didnt know what his stepfather would say to him.33ppt课件(3)表语从句表语从句:从句充当表语。表语从句:从句充当表语。引导词有:连接词引导词有:连接词:that,whether,疑问代词疑问代词:who,what,which,whose;疑问副词疑问副词:when,where,how,why,例句:例句:The question is whether he will come or not.34ppt课件(4)同位语
29、从句同位语从句同谓语从句:从句充当同谓语。同谓语从句:从句充当同谓语。引导词有:引导词有:连接词连接词:that,whether,疑问代词疑问代词:who,what,which,whose;疑问副词疑问副词:when,where,how,why,例句:例句:The question whether he will come or not is serious.The news that we had won the game is exciting.35ppt课件2、状语从句、状语从句o 时间状语从句时间状语从句o 原因状语从句原因状语从句o 地点状语从句地点状语从句o 条件状语从句条件状语从
30、句o 比较或方式状语从句比较或方式状语从句o 目的状语从句目的状语从句o 结果状语从句结果状语从句o 让步状语从句让步状语从句36ppt课件(1)时间状语从句引导词:引导词:when(当当.时候时候),as(一边一边.一一边边;当当.时候时候),while(在在.过程中过程中),before(在在.以前以前),after(在在.以以后后),since(自从自从.以来以来),till(until)(直直到到.,直到直到.才才),ao soon as(一一.就就.),the moment(一一.就就.),no sooner.than(刚刚.就就.),hardly.when.(刚刚.就就.)例句例句
31、:I was going out when a visitor came.37ppt课件()原因状语从句()原因状语从句 引导词:引导词:because(因为因为),since(既然既然),as(由于由于)。例句例句:As the day was fine,they decided to go on a trip.Since you are free today,you had better help me with my mathematics.38ppt课件()地点状语从句()地点状语从句 引导词:引导词:where(在在.地方地方),wherever(无论无论.在哪里在哪里),例句例句:
32、Wherever you are,you should work for the people heart and soul.39ppt课件()条件状语从句()条件状语从句 引导词:引导词:if(假如假如,如果如果),unless(除除非非),so(as)long as(只要只要)例句例句:You may use the book so long as you will return it on time.40ppt课件()比较或方式状语从句()比较或方式状语从句 引导词:引导词:as.as(象象.一样一样),than(比比),the.the.(越越.就越就越),as(正如正如),as if(
33、似乎似乎,好象好象)例句例句:The more you practise,the more knowledge you will get.41ppt课件()目的状语从句()目的状语从句 引导词引导词:so(使得使得),that (以便以便),so that(为了为了,使得使得),in order that(这样这样.就就),例句例句:They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.42ppt课件()结果状语从句()结果状语从句引导词引导词:so(结果结果),so that(结结果果),sothat(su
34、chthat(如此如此.以至以至.)例句例句:It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.43ppt课件()让步状语从句引导词:引导词:though(although)(虽然虽然.但但是是.),even if(即使即使),however(不不管怎样管怎样),whatever(无论什么无论什么),no matter how(who.)(不管多么不管多么.),(无论谁无论谁.)例句例句:She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days now.44
35、ppt课件 3、定语从句:、定语从句:(1)定语从句:从句充当定语,在复合句中修饰名)定语从句:从句充当定语,在复合句中修饰名词或代词。词或代词。(2)引导词:)引导词:关系代词:关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that.关系副词:关系副词:where,when,why.(3)引导词用法)引导词用法:关系代词在从句中做主语或宾语;关系代词在从句中做主语或宾语;关系副词在从句中作状语关系副词在从句中作状语例:例:1.The teacher talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.(主语主语)2.Whats that which you saw just now?(宾语宾语)3.He found himself in a room where he had never been.(地点状语地点状语)45ppt课件