1、英语句子概论nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.主语主语
2、 不及物动词不及物动词She came/My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语(表语）表语）She is happy主语主语 双宾动词双宾动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There+beThere is a bo
3、ok on the desk.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语）方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nature.2.Knowledge is power.3.
4、We Chinese are peace-loving.subjectobjectpredicativesubjectsubjectsubjectappositionpredicative名词性从句名词性从句 名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词主语主语 His job is important.What he does is important.表语表语This is his job.This is what he does every day.宾语宾语 I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同
5、位语 I dont know about the man,Mr.White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.什么叫名词性从句？名词性从句名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句主语从句subject clause 宾语从句宾语从句object clause 表语从句表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句同位语从句appositive clauseWhat are noun clauses?What are noun clauses?His story is interesting.What he said i
6、s interesting.I heard his story.I heard what he said.I listen to his story.I listen to what he said.This is his story.This is what he said.The idea of going there is good.The idea that we go there is good.Subject clauseObject clauseObject clause after a prepositionPredictive clauseAppositive clauseP
7、ractice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类指出下列各名词性从句的种类1.At lunchtime,the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.2.She wondered if the buses would still be running.3.The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.4.She sensed that she was being watched
8、by a tall man ina dark coat.5.When we will start is not clear.6.I had no idea that you were her friend.Object clauseObject clausePredicative clauseObject clauseSubject clauseAppositive clause名词性从句中的名词性从句中的连接词连接词有有:连词连词:that/whether/as if(though);连接代词连接代词:what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomeve
9、r /whichever，连接副词连接副词:where/when/why/how /wherever/whenever。引导词引导词 句型转换 1.They are good doctors.He told us.2.He hadnt said anything at the meeting.The fact surprised us.He told us that they were good doctors.The fact that he hadnt said anything at the meeting surprised us.总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变总结：当从句原来是陈述句
10、时，变成名词性从句用成名词性从句用that引导。引导。3.Does your sister get up early?Do you know?4.Do animals have the same senses as humans?I often wonder.Do you know if/whether your sister gets up early?I often wonder if/whether animals have the same senses as humans.总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用变成名词性从句用if或或whet
11、her引导。引导。5.When did he buy this new bike?Could you tell me?6.My question is this:where will the lecture be given?Could you tell me when he bought this new bike?My question is where the lecture will be given.总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。问词来引导。总结：名词性从句必须用陈述句语序。总结
12、：名词性从句必须用陈述句语序。另外，一般情况下，名词性从句均看另外，一般情况下，名词性从句均看作单数概念。由作单数概念。由what引导的一般看后引导的一般看后面的表语。宾语从句的时态一般与主面的表语。宾语从句的时态一般与主句保持一致。句保持一致。1.What we need is more time.2.What we need are more English dictionaries.Practice time.单句改错1.That the earth turns around the sun are known to all.2.When the meeting will be held
13、 havent been known yet.3.I didnt know that you will come.4.He said that he is writing a story.5.Could you tell me when will he arrive?6.You can begin to see why does English have such strange rules._ is_ hasnt_would_was_ he will_ English hasSubject Clauses 主语从句主语从句1.主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分1
14、).That he will succeed is certain.2)Whether he will go there is not known.3)What he said is not true.4)Where he hid the money is to be found out.5)Whoever comes is welcome.6)Its certain that he will succeed.7)How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.8)When theyll start the project
15、has not been decided yet.考点一考点一:主语从句后置主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常用经常用it作形式主作形式主语语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:That we shall be late is certain.-Its certain that we shall be late.1.That the earth is round is known to all.-2.That you missed the chance is a pity.-由连词由连词 whether 和和 if,连接代词连接
16、代词 what,who,which 和连接和连接副词副词 when,where,why,how 等引导等引导.也常常后置也常常后置:It is a pity that you missed the chance.Its known to all that the earth is round.It 的用法：的用法：（形式主语）（形式主语）Its possible/important/necessary/clear/obvious that很可能很可能/重要的是重要的是/必要的是必要的是/很清楚很清楚 Its said/reported/believed that.据说据说/据报道据报道 Its
17、 been announced/declared that.已经通知已经通知/宣布宣布 It seems/appears/happens/occurs/matters/makes a difference.that显然、明显、显然、明显、碰巧碰巧.Its no wonder that并不奇怪并不奇怪/无疑无疑 Its a pity/a fact/a common knowledge(众所周知）众所周知）/a common saying.（俗话说）俗话说）/a surprise/a question/a shame/high time 考点二 注意：主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数 What引导的
18、主语从句，可根据表语决定 What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some book.what引导名词性从句时在从句中引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分充当句子成分,如如主语主语,宾语宾语,表语表语,而而that则不然则不然,它在句子中只起它在句子中只起连接连接作用。例如：作用。例如：(1)What you said yesterday is right.(2)That she is still alive is a puzzle.What 与与 that 引导主语从句引导主语从句 由由 that 引导引导:1.That we sha
19、ll be late is certain.2._ is known to all.(地球是圆的地球是圆的)3._ is a pity.(你错过了这次机会你错过了这次机会)that 无意义无意义,后接一个完整的句子后接一个完整的句子.that 不可省不可省That the earth is roundThat you missed the chance注注 意：意：1.What you left are only several old books.2.What you said is of great importance.3.What he says and does doesnt con
20、cern me.4.What he says and does dont agree.“if”不能引导主语从句，应有不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。引导。主语从句的主语从句的“that”一般不能省。一般不能省。“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词：引导主语从句时，谓语动词：1）常与其后的名词作表语一致）常与其后的名词作表语一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。）根据句子的语境而定。1._ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A.That B.Why C.What D.How 2._well go camping tomo
21、rrow depends on the weather.A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World.a.Which;belong to b.As,belonged to c.What;belonging to d.It;belonging to4.Its known to us all _ a form of energy.A.water is B.that water is C.is water D.that water
22、to 5.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A.whether B.that C.what D.when6.What I say and think _ none of your business.A.is B.are C.has D haveObject Clauses 宾语从句宾语从句1.I know him.2.I know who he is.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾 语语 从从 句句连词连词 从句主语从句主语 从句谓语从句谓语 主主 句句（复合句）（复合句）宾语从句的概念：宾语从句
23、的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。句子结构：句子结构：主句主句+连词（引导词）连词（引导词）+宾语从句宾语从句引导宾语从句的引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般在下列情况下一般不省略：不省略：1.宾语从句前有插入语。We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.2.在介词后。He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.3.that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。He said(that)the book was very
24、 interesting and that(不省略)all the children like to read it.4.有间接宾语时。He told me that he was leaving for Japan.5.that从句单独回答问题时。What did he hear?他听说了什么事？That Kate had passed the exam.6.在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。I think it necessary that he should stay here.7.位于句首时。如：That our team will win,I believe.8.在较为正式或不常用
25、的动词(如reply,object)后。He replied that he disagreed.whether与与if的辨用的辨用 表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。a.主语从句主语从句b.表语从句表语从句c.同位语从句同位语从句e.介词后的宾语从句介词后的宾语从句f.后接动词不定式后接动词不定式(whether to do sth.)g.whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不连在一起引导宾语从句时不用用if h.某些动词后面某些动词后面(如如discuss)只能用只能用whether,不不用用if。Practice timeif/whether1.I asked
26、her _ she had a bike.3.Were worried about _ he is safe.4.I dont know _ he is well or not.5.I dont know _ or not he is well.6.I dont know _ to go.7.We discussed _ we should go on climbingif/whetherwhetherwhether/ifwhetherwhetherwhether1.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.(be)2.The headmaster hopes e
27、verything _ well.(go)3.Tom says that they _ (play)basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.4.I hear they _ (return)it already.5.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)will be goes were playing have returned had been 6.I didnt know what time he _ the letter.(write)7.Could you tell
28、me who _ away the book already?(take)8.Ling Feng told me he _ to the Great Wall several times.(be)wrote has taken had been 3.否定的转移否定的转移:若主语谓语动词为若主语谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,imagine等等,其后的宾语从句若含有否其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上语上,从句谓语用肯定式。从句谓语用肯定式。(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为这件衣服不
29、适合你穿。)I dont think this dress fits you well.上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright,is he?We believe she can do it better,cant she?但此时主语必须是第一人称 如果不是则不能否定从句 如 He thought they were wrong,didnt he?而不能说werent they?名词性从句特殊考点一：4.it常可以放在动词常可以放在动词t
30、hink,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为等后作为形式宾语形式宾语:it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而形式宾语而真正的宾语从句则放在句真正的宾语从句则放在句尾尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。it+从句从句介词介词+it+从句从句it+adj.+从句从句it+介词短语介词短语+从句从句it+n.+从句从句it +过去分词过去分词+从句从句 形式宾语形式宾语 it主语主语+谓语谓语 Ill see to(保证保证)it that everything is ready in time.We
31、 heard it that she would get married next month.I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.He made it clear that he would leave office soon.We must bear it in mind that we are Chinese.We thought it a pity that he failed again.I heard it said that he had gone home.CI dont know when he _(come)
32、.I cant wait here any more.When he _(come),would you please ask him to call me?will comecomes2、作介词的宾语：作介词的宾语：Did you say anything about how we should do the job?I am afraid of whether I will pass the exam.I am interested in what he said.whether they will buy the flat or not depends on how much it is
33、.Predicative Clauses 表语从句表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句从句,放在系动词之后放在系动词之后,一般结构是一般结构是“主语主语+系动词系动词+表语从句表语从句”。可以。可以接表语从句的系动词有接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。另外等。另外,常用的还有常用的还有the reason why is that 和和It is because 等结构。例如：等结构。例如：.表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在系动词之后在系动词之后.作用作用:对主语进行解释说明
34、。对主语进行解释说明。连接词：连接词：that/whether/as if/as though（if 不不 引导表语从句引导表语从句)连接代词：连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what 连接副词：连接副词：when/where/why/how/because The question is whether we can rely on him.Thats because we were in need of money at that time.He looked as if he was going to cry.Thats why I was late.注注 意：意：1
35、.在表语从句中，表在表语从句中，表“是否是否”时，只能用时，只能用“whether”不能用不能用“If”。2.一般情况下，一般情况下，“that”不能省。不能省。3.It is/was because.It is/was why.3.The reason(why/for)is/was that.4 The reason is because/whythat .名词主语+be+that引起的表语从句在这种句型中，常用表示事实，真理的名词，如：fact,truth 或表示看法，观点的名词，如：idea,opinion,belief,view,feeling,suggestion,plan等作主语。
36、如：1.The fact is that our team has won the game.2.The truth is that she was the very person who informed against her husband.注意注意表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同从句相同.但但:1.:1.that引导表语从句时不能省引导表语从句时不能省.2.2.if不能引导表语从句不能引导表语从句.As if,as though引导的表语从句 时，从句谓语多用虚拟语气。这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。具体来说，如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动
37、词用一般过去式；如果从句表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”，如果从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形，如：Li Lei is now in a new jacket and he looks as if he were an American boy.The girl is giving us a vivid description of moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.It looks as if he would cry.但是，如果as if,as th
38、ough 引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符，从句则用陈述语气，如：The clouds are gathering.It looks as if is going to rain.1.Thats _ the Party called on us to do.A.why B.what C.how D.that 2.The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine.A.because B.why C.that D.Whether3.That is _ they separated.A.that B.what C.which D.where 4.
39、Jane is no longer _ she was four years ago.A.what B.which C.that D.when 1.The problem is _we can master modern science and technology in a short time.A.if B.that C.what D.how 2.Doesnt Mr.Smith live on this street?-No.This is _Mr.Brown lives.A.which B.where C.how D.that 3.The reason why he has been s
40、uch a success is _he never gives up.A.what B.where C.how D.that 4.what is that building?-_the garden equipment is stored A.thats where B.There is in which C.the building is D.Thats the building which DBDA5.Our village is no longer _over twenty years ago.A.what was it B.what it was C.the village what
41、 was D.what was the village 6._you are the first one here.A.It seems that as if B.It seems as if that C.It seems as if D.It seems that as though 7.My hope is _he will become a doctor in the future.A.if B.whether C.that D.what 8.It was _they were used as an advertisement for the shop.A.because B.whic
42、h C.what D.if BCCAAppositive Clauses 同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（跟在一些抽象名词（idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news 等）后面，对名词作等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明进一步解释说明.n.+连接词连接词+从句从句同位语从句常用同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词引导或用连接副词when/where/why/how/whether 1)The idea that computers can recognize human v
43、oices surprises many people.2).Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.注注:1.1.同 位语从句多用that 引导2.2.在在have no idea 之后常用之后常用wh-引导同位语引导同位语从句从句.I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.I have
44、 no idea when he will be back.how he can get the treasure.where the concert will be hold.who can finish the work.why it happened.which pen is mine.what we should do next.whom they are talking about.whether itll rain tomorrow.that our football team won the game.1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain ar
45、e on a diet./The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./We heard the news last night._ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._We heard the news last night that the Queen of England
46、 was on a three-day visit in China.4.Time travel is possible./There is no scientific proof for the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people,especially kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./Many British parents hold
47、the view._Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online._There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible._The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people,especially kids in school.表示坚持、命令、建议
48、、要求的名词表示坚持、命令、建议、要求的名词demand,suggestion,proposal,advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气,结构为结构为 should+do,should 可省略可省略 He gave me a suggestion that I(should)be calm now.I have heard the news that he visited our factory.I have heard the news that he told you the other day.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：同位语从句和定语从
49、句的区别：1 同位语从句同位语从句that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分只起连接作用，不作任何成分 定语从句定语从句 that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语当宾语和主语2同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明系，对名词进行补充说明 定语从句定语从句 定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加以限定名词进行修饰，加以限定3同位语从句同位语从句that 不能省不能省 定语从句定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省在从句中作宾语时，可以省Practice:判断下
50、列各句是同位语判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句从句还是定语从句 1.They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.2.The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all.4.I cant stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly.同位语从句同位语
