1、Discovering Useful StructuresDiscovering Useful StructuresGrammar Grammar 过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态When my family and I had just arrived in China,we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend,and finally,we found it.观察下面句子，说出划线部
2、分的结构类型及句中功能。观察下面句子，说出划线部分的结构类型及句中功能。划线部分是_，arrive这个动作是发生在went这个动作之前，表示过去的过去。划线部分是_，recommend这个动作是发生在found这个动作之前，而且是被动动作。过去过去完成时的主动语态完成时的主动语态过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“hadhad过去过去分词
3、分词”构成。一、过去完成时一、过去完成时基本结构：基本结构：had动词过去分词动词过去分词(1)肯定句：主语肯定句：主语had动词过去分词其他。动词过去分词其他。He had already been to New York earlier in the week.本周早些时候他去过纽约。本周早些时候他去过纽约。(2)否定句：主语否定句：主语hadnot动词过去分词其他。动词过去分词其他。At that time we hadnt met her.那时我们还没有见到她。那时我们还没有见到她。(3)疑问句：疑问句：Had主语动词过去分词其他？主语动词过去分词其他？肯定回答：肯定回答：Yes，主语
4、，主语had.否定回答：否定回答：No，主语，主语hadnt.Had you visited here before?你以前参观过这里吗？你以前参观过这里吗？Yes，I had./No，I hadnt.是，我去过。是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。没有，我以前没有去过。(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组had主语过去分词主语过去分词其他？其他？Where had you been before you came here?你来这里前还去过哪儿？你来这里前还去过哪儿？(5)被动语态：主语被动语态：主语had(not)been动词过去分词其动词过去分词其他。他。By
5、the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。即学即练即学即练1单句语法填空单句语法填空He _(work)in the store for five years before he moved here.When I got to the station，the train _ (leave)The task _ (finish)before 12：00 yesterday.had been finishedhad workedhad left
6、1表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去过去的过去”。可以用。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。By nine oclock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到点钟，我们已经收到200张
7、飞船发来的图片。张飞船发来的图片。二、基本用法二、基本用法2表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状构成的时间状语连用。语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作
8、。年以来他就在那家工厂工作。3叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习
9、功课。我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。4在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。她丢失的钥匙找到了。5过去完成时常常用在过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语或间接引语)中，这时中，
10、这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。6状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，t
11、ill/until引导的复合句。引导的复合句。When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含完成时，特别是在包含before和和after的复合句中，的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经
12、非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。7动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We ha
13、d hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。8过去完成时还可用在过去完成时还可用在hardly.when.，no sooner.than.，it was the first(second，etc)time(that).等固定句型中。等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the th
14、ird time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。即学即练即学即练2单句语法填空单句语法填空We _(build)five new buildings by the end of last year.I could see from her face that she _(receive)some good news.He said he_(be)there before.We realized we _(lose)our way.We _(hope)that you would be able to visit us.h
15、ad builthad receivedhad beenhad losthad hoped现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以nownow的时间为的时间为基点，但侧重对基点，但侧重对nownow产生的结果或造成的影响；过去产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去的过去过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。到它。三、与现在完成时的区别三、与现在完成时的区别比
16、较：比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。个英语单词。I had learned 1，000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。个英语单词。Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。对不起，让你久等了。Oh，not at all.I have been here for only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。没什么，我只等了几分钟。即学即练
17、即学即练3单句语法填空单句语法填空The concert _(start)We have to look for our seats in the dark.Youre too late；the train _(leave)He _(teach)English for twenty years when he retired.They _(get)everything ready before I came.had gothas startedhas lefthad taught过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经
18、被完语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与成的动作，常与byby，beforebefore等引导的时间状语等引导的时间状语连用。由连用。由“hadhadbeenbeen过去分词过去分词”构成。构成。四、过去完成时的被动语态四、过去完成时的被动语态1过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式(1)肯定结构：主语肯定结构：主语 had been done 其他成分。其他成分。(2)否定结构：主语否定结构：主语 had not been done 其他成分。其他成分。(3)疑问句结构：疑问句结构：had 主语主语 been done 其他成分？其他成分？疑问
19、词疑问词 had 主语主语 been done 其他成分？其他成分？2过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。等引导的时间状语连用。By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teache
20、r came.老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？(2)据语意可判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。据语意可判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.由于任务完成了，他继续上网搜索。He did what he had been told to.他做了别人叫
21、他做的事。另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。When he arrived，he called her.他到达时，给她打了电话。They locked the door before they left.在离开前，他们把门锁上了。(3)在在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。They said the production costs had been reduced.他们说
22、生产成本已经降低了。他们说生产成本已经降低了。The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.媒体报道有媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。多人在地震中丧生。过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已
23、被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。作。例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.这条被污染了的河流已被净化。析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.他说这本书已被译成日语。析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。总结总结即学即练即学即练4单句语法填空单句语法填空The earthquake
24、 _ (predict)several days before.The device_ (use)operationally some months previously.Our classroom_(clean)You neednt clean it now.The child _ (take)care of by grandma all these years.has been takenhad been predictedhad been usedhas been cleaned.单句语法填空单句语法填空1I surfed the net and_(see)an online adver
25、tisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.2The universities in Britain _(take)in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.3The interviewer was interested in the grades I _(get)in the exams.sawhave takenhad got4By the time we got a report，the firemen _
26、(put)out the fire in the bar already.5Well have to wait in line.The fastfood restaurant_(be)shorthanded for weeks.6She _(want)to help you but she had no time then.7All the film tickets _(sell)out when I got to the cinema.had puthas beenhad wantedhad been sold8The wallet _(wrap)up in newspaper and it
27、 contained half the money he had lost.9By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants _(leave)their homes.10It was the third time that he _(make)the same mistake.had madehad been wrappedhad left.完成句子完成句子1她告诉我她当空中乘务员好几年了。她告诉我她当空中乘务员好几年了。She told me that _for quite a few years.2她说她已来过上海。她说她已来过上海。She s
28、aid that _ Shanghai.3我们到日本前学过一点日语。我们到日本前学过一点日语。We _ before we came to Japan.had studied a little Japaneseshe had been an air hostessshe had been to4我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。I didnt want to see the play because_5到上学期末，我们已读了十篇短篇小说。到上学期末，我们已读了十篇短篇小说。By the end of last term _6这是他第一次输掉比赛。这是他第一
29、次输掉比赛。It was the first time _ we had read ten short storiesI had already seen ithe had lost the game7投资黄金一直被认为是万无一失的赚钱方法。投资黄金一直被认为是万无一失的赚钱方法。Investment in gold _ a sure route to make money.8经过短暂的步行，我们到达尸体被人发现的地方。经过短暂的步行，我们到达尸体被人发现的地方。After a short walk，we arrived at the place where _.the body had be
30、en foundhas been seen as9然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。However，a few days later，he was told that _10我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。When I came back at midnight _.she still hadnt finished the worka mistake had been madeP29 2.Complete the two conversations with the correct forms of the words in
31、 the box using the past perfect tense or the past perfect passive voice.arrive,cancel,eat,finish,get,taste,tell1.Carol:_ you ever _ any Scottish food before your trip to St.Andrews last year?Paul:No,not really.But I _ about haggis many times before we went there.Carol:OhDid you try it?Paul:Oh,yes!Yo
32、u know what?We _ late for supper that day,and so we just ate whatever was left in the university canteen.We _ our meal before we learnt we _ just _ haggis!Carol:My goodness!Paul:Well,it was not bad.I have to sayarrive,cancel,eat,finish,get,taste,tellHadtastedhad been toldarrivedhad finishedhadeaten2
33、.Carol:When I got to the teahouse yesterday,I found nobody there._ it _?Paul:Oh,Im so sorry that I forgot to tell you!The get together was canceled yesterday morning because Sally,the hostess,_ into a car accident.Carol:Oh,Im sorry to hear that.Hope Sally recovers soon!Hadbeen canceledhad gotarrive,
34、cancel,eat,finish,get,taste,tellP34 2.Read the conversations which take place in restaurants.Then complete them using the correct forms of the words in brackets.1.A:Could you tell that she _?(cry)B:Sure.Her eyes were very red.Maybe she had just had a quarrel with her brother.A:But I thought it was b
35、ecause she _ red curry.(eat)B:Oh,maybe youre right.2.A:I wish you _ me earlier.I know a buffet restaurant nearby which is really nice.You could have taken your parents there.(tell)B:What a pity!But I _ that they were coming for the weekend.They said they wanted to surprise me.Anyway,its very nice of you to offer.(not inform)had criedhad eatenhad toldhadnt been informed
