1、词类词类作作 用用例例 词词1.（n.）名名 词词表示人或事表示人或事物的名称。物的名称。I bought a book.She is a student.2.(pron.）代词代词代替名词、代替名词、数词等。数词等。This is my friend.He likes that book becauseit is very useful to him.Parts of Speach3.（adj.）形容词形容词表示人或事物表示人或事物的特征或性状。的特征或性状。He is small but he is clever.The red pen is useful for the teacher.
2、He painted the wall white yesterday.4.(num.）数词数词表示数目或顺表示数目或顺序。序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5.（v.）动）动 词词表示动作或状表示动作或状态。态。We are working hard at English.I want to become an engineer.6.（adv.）副）副 词词表示动作的特表示动作的特征或性状特征。征或性状特征。I like English very much.The teacher treats
3、us kindly.The train goes fast.He seldom comes to see us.7.(prep.）介）介 词词表示名词、代表示名词、代词和其他词之词和其他词之间的关系。间的关系。He usually stay at home on Sundays.8.（conj.）连词连词连接词与词或句连接词与词或句与句的作用。与句的作用。He and I are in the same class and we are good friends.Two or three of us can dance well but I cant.9.(interj.）感叹词感叹词表示强烈
4、的感情表示强烈的感情Oh!How beautiful the scene is!What a good idea!Goodness!10.（art.）冠词冠词用来限制名词的用来限制名词的意义意义I have a pet dog.The dog is very lovely.He is an old man but very strong.句子成分句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语中句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾中句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。语补足语，定语，状语等。在句子中的顺在句子中的顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，
5、宾语补足语，序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。主语主语主语是句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数主语是句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。词，不定式等充当。1名词充当主语。名词充当主语。Young people love pop music Old people prefer classical music 2代词充当主语。如：代词充当主语。如：It rains quite often in spring She was in a bad mood 3 数词充当主语。如：数词充
6、当主语。如：Two plus two makes four Five will be enough 4名词化的形容词或名词化的形容词或-ed分词充当主语。如：分词充当主语。如：The disabled are well taken care of5不定式充当主语。如：不定式充当主语。如：To work out these problems is no easy j ob Its not easy to look after a sick old man6-ing分词充当主语。如：分词充当主语。如：Spitting in public is not allowed Being with you
7、is terrific Its no use crying over the spilt milk (形式形式)主语主语 (真正的真正的)主语主语7从句充当主语从句充当主语(该从句称作主语从句该从句称作主语从句)。That Miss Gray speaks Chinese surprised us all 关联词主语关联词主语(从句从句)How the Cartoon became an instant hit is a long story 关联词主语关联词主语(从句从句)1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Two wil
8、l be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.()8.What he needs is a book.（）9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式、动名词或从
9、句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about i
10、t.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。二、谓语二、谓语 谓语谓语(predicate)用来说明主语的动作、行为以及状用来说明主语的动作、行为以及状态。在陈述句中，谓语动词位于主语之后。谓语动词态。在陈述句中，谓语动词位于主语之后。谓语动词是谓语部分的中心，谓语动词和谓语二者不完全是同是谓语部分的中心，谓语动词和谓语二者不完全是同一概念。只是人们习惯上把它们统称为一概念。只是人们习惯上把它们统称为“谓语谓语”或或“动词动词”。谓语部分是对主语所作的说明，是说话的。谓语部分
11、是对主语所作的说明，是说话的人要传递的信息，包括谓语动词、宾语、补语及状语。人要传递的信息，包括谓语动词、宾语、补语及状语。谓语动词的主要类型：单一动词、动词短语谓语动词的主要类型：单一动词、动词短语1单一动词充当谓语。单一动词充当谓语。They laughed in the end Who broke it?2动词短语充当谓语。动词短语充当谓语。The students are singing(进行时进行时)These young guys dont want to stay home(助动词助动词+否定词否定词+动词动词)We can do it better(情态动词情态动词+动词动词)
12、We were asked to stop immediately(被动语态被动语态)We take a hot bath every day P1ease have a look at the new lab动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连系动词连系动词,情情态动词和助动词态动词和助动词.情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有）状态系动词，
13、用来表示主语状态，只有be一词一词He is a teacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stayHe always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。系动词系动词3）表像系动词，用来表示）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有）感官系动词，主要有fee
14、l,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHe became mad after that.6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语三、宾语
15、 宾语宾语(object)表示动作的承受者，在句中一表示动作的承受者，在句中一般放在及物动词之后。般放在及物动词之后。宾语的主要类型：名词、代词、副词、不宾语的主要类型：名词、代词、副词、不定式、定式、-ing分词、从句等。分词、从句等。1名词充当宾语。如：名词充当宾语。如：Dry wood catches fire easily General questions cant puzzle the clever boy 2代词充当宾语。如：代词充当宾语。如：We can invite them to our party If you dont know the way，ask her 3副词充
16、当宾语。如：副词充当宾语。如：The athletes left there just now4不定式充当宾语。如：不定式充当宾语。如：Remember to bring your cell phone5-ing分词充当宾语。如：分词充当宾语。如：You wont forget attending his farewell concertThey stopped smoking at last6从句充当宾语。如：从句充当宾语。如：Do you know how serious the situation is?I dont understand what you mean 上面提到的宾语的作用
17、是表示动作的承受者。上面提到的宾语的作用是表示动作的承受者。此外，宾语还可以表示：此外，宾语还可以表示：动作的结果。如：动作的结果。如：They digged a hole 动作的目的。如：动作的目的。如：She nodded assent1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.()4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you wri
18、te down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.()名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语 宾语种类：宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），A.直接宾语直接宾语:表示动作的承受者或结果表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物通常指物.B.间接宾语间接宾语:表示动作所向的或所为的人或物表示动作所向的或所为的人或物,通常指人通常指人.例如：例如：Lend me yo
19、ur dictionary,please.My parents bought me a birthday present.间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语 有时，间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，不过，在间接宾语前要有时，间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，不过，在间接宾语前要加一个介词加一个介词to或或for。如：如：My parents bought a birthday present for me.直接宾语直接宾语 介词间接宾语介词间接宾语跟跟to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如等，例如
20、 He sent the novel to William yesterday.跟跟for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.2.复合宾语复合宾语宾语宾语+宾补叫复合宾语，复合宾语有以下几种类型：宾补叫复合宾语，复合宾语有以下几种类型：a 名词（代词）名词（代词）+不定式不定式 b 名词（代词）名词（代词）+分分 词词 c 名词（代词）名词（代词）+名名 词词 d 名词名词（代词）（代词）+形容词形容词 a.名词（代词）名词（代词
21、）+不定式不定式John asked me to help him.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.b.名词（代词）名词（代词）+分词分词 （现在分词表示主动，（现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动）过去分词表示被动）I found him standing at the gate.She could feel her heart beating violently.At that time we were there and saw it done.c.名词（代词）名词（代词）+名词（作宾补的表示独一无二名词（作宾补的表示独一无二的职
22、位前不加的职位前不加the.)They appointed her head of the English Department.They made him captain of the ship.We elect him our chairman.d.名词（代词）名词（代词）+形容词形容词We must keep the room clean.We found her busy.I found the story interesting.形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式五五.表语表语 表语表语(predicati
23、ve)用来表述主语的特征、身份用来表述主语的特征、身份和状态，常被称作主语补足语和状态，常被称作主语补足语(subject complement)。在陈述句中，它的位置在连系动。在陈述句中，它的位置在连系动词词(1ink verb)之后。之后。“连系动词连系动词+表语，表语，叫做叫做系表结构。连系动词犹如形式上的谓语，真正系表结构。连系动词犹如形式上的谓语，真正起谓语作用的是表语。起谓语作用的是表语。表语的主要类型：名词、代词、形容词、副表语的主要类型：名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、词、不定式、-ing分词、分词、-ed分词、介词短语和分词、介词短语和从句等。从句等。1名词充当表语。如：名
24、词充当表语。如：Its a shame that you should(竟然会竟然会)cheatIll become a pilot when I grow up 2代词充当表语。如：代词充当表语。如：The glasses on the desk are mine Whose is that hat?3形容词充当表语。如：形容词充当表语。如：Even on holidays，the students seem busy Your dreams may come(达到、变成某种状达到、变成某种状态态)true4副词充当表语。如：副词充当表语。如：The sun is up Is anybody
25、 in?5不定式充当表语。如：不定式充当表语。如：Your job is to stay alert(警觉的警觉的;警惕的警惕的)to any possible dangers Teachers of Chinese often appear to be younger连系动词连系动词seem，appear常与常与“to be+形容词形容词”连连用，不过用，不过“to be”也可省略。也可省略。6-ing分词充当表语。如：分词充当表语。如：Seeing is believingIt is encouraging that you have made progress fast7-ed分词充当表
26、语。如：分词充当表语。如：Were so pleased with your progress Students felt excited about the news -ing分词充当表语具有主动、进行的含义，分词充当表语具有主动、进行的含义，-ed分词充当表语则具有被动、完成或状态的含分词充当表语则具有被动、完成或状态的含义。如：义。如：The books with illustrations are interesting有插图的书令人感到有趣。有插图的书令人感到有趣。Were interested in the books with illustrations 我们对有插图的书感兴趣。
27、我们对有插图的书感兴趣。8介词短语充当表语。如：介词短语充当表语。如：After hours of climbing，they seemed out of breath The book show is from Monday to Saturday Your advice is of importance 第三句中的第三句中的is of importance结构相当于结构相当于is important。类似的。类似的“be十十of+名词名词”相相当于当于“be+形容词形容词(与名词的词干相同与名词的词干相同)”的情况还有的情况还有不少。如：不少。如：be of benefit be bene
28、ficial 有益的有益的 be of interest be interesting 有趣的有趣的 be of significance be significant 有意义的有意义的 be of value be valuable 有价值的有价值的9从句充当表语。如：从句充当表语。如：This is what we are looking for The problem is that we are short of time He is a teacher.()My idea is this.()She was the first to arrive.()I feel much bett
29、er today./I must be off now.()He is out of danger.()The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.()1.What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.()名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词六六 定语定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称称为定为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin i
30、s a beautiful city.（形容词）（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching
31、plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.(定语从句定语从句)Its a red car.()They live in the room above.()My brother is a teacher.()We belong to the third world.()Lucys f
32、ather is a poor worker.()Mother made a birthday cake for me.()The man under the tree is my teacher.()1.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother.()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词 I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time
33、at home.()There are two things to be discussed today.（）Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（）9.This is the very book that I need.（）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句分词动作的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词分词动作的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;动名词所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语动名词所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程间、地点、方式、
34、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。度、目的等。七、状语七、状语John often came to chat with me()As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.()She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.()My father worked in this school ten years ago.()Though he is young,he knows a lot.()He came running.()程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方
35、式方式原因原因 He is often late for class.()We saw that picture at the cinema.()He sat there smoking.()They returned tired and hungry.（）They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）Although he is young,he knows a lot.()The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.()副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定
36、式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句 While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（）He was angry because we were late(）9.If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.()时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句八、同位语八、同位语 位于名词或代词后面位于名词或代词后面,说明它们的性质和说明它们的性质和情况情况We young people should respect t
37、he old.He himself will do the work.He is the oldest among them four.句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主
38、语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式
39、，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the
40、school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.VAdverbialAttributeVAdverbial 6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There i
41、s going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicativeVO.AdverbialOO.CPredicat
42、ive8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am terribly confused by all this information.10.We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps
43、me fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.OO.O.C.S.O.二、句子种类二、句子种类从句子的结构来讲，句子分为简单句，并列句和复合句三从句子的结构来讲，句子分为简单句，并列句和复合句三类。类。（一）（一）简单句简单句由一个主语（或者并列主语）和一个谓语（或者并列谓语）由一个主语（或者并列主语）和一个谓语（或者并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。简单句分为陈述句、疑问句、祈所构成的句子叫简单句。简单句分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。使句、感叹句四种。1.陈述句陈述句凡是说明一件事情凡是说明一件事情
44、,指出看法，或者表达一种心情的句子是指出看法，或者表达一种心情的句子是陈述句。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。尤其注意由否定词陈述句。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。尤其注意由否定词构成的否定句构成的否定句;两者全部否定用两者全部否定用neither或或nor；两者的部分；两者的部分否定用否定用not+both；三者以上的否定用；三者以上的否定用none,nothing,nobody,no one等。等。Neither John nor Mary is here.约翰和玛丽都不在这里。约翰和玛丽都不在这里。Nobody agrees with what you said.没有人同意你所说的话。没有人同意你
45、所说的话。同时还要注意否定转移的情况，这类动词主要有同时还要注意否定转移的情况，这类动词主要有think,believe,suppose,feel,expect等，但是等，但是hope不发生否定转不发生否定转移。移。I dont think he has time to play with me.我想他没有时间和我玩。我想他没有时间和我玩。I hope you werent ill.我想你没生病吧。我想你没生病吧。2.疑问句疑问句疑问句用以提出问题，按结构分为四类：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句用以提出问题，按结构分为四类：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，反义疑问句和选择疑问句。疑问句，反义疑问句和选择疑问句
46、。(1)一般疑问句：对某一情况是否属实提出疑问，一般用一般疑问句：对某一情况是否属实提出疑问，一般用yes或或no来回答，有两种形式：来回答，有两种形式：be/have+主语主语+其他？其他？助动词（情态动词）助动词（情态动词）+主语主语+行为动词行为动词+其他？其他？(2)特殊疑问句：用疑问词（特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what,who,how,why,when,where.）提问，一般有两种结构）提问，一般有两种结构:疑问词疑问词+一般疑问句型结一般疑问句型结构。构。What are you doing?你正在做什么？你正在做什么？疑问词作主语或主语的定语时用陈述语序。疑问词作主语或主语的定语
47、时用陈述语序。What is your name?你叫什么名字。你叫什么名字。(3)反意疑问句：表示提问者有一定的主观看法，但没有把反意疑问句：表示提问者有一定的主观看法，但没有把握，希望对方来证实握，希望对方来证实;有四种形式：前肯定后否定、前否定有四种形式：前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定、前后都肯定、前后都否定，较为常用的有两种：前后肯定、前后都肯定、前后都否定，较为常用的有两种：前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定。肯定后否定、前否定后肯定。注意：注意：反意疑问句的回答应该以事实为依据，而不能依照中文的习反意疑问句的回答应该以事实为依据，而不能依照中文的习惯回答。惯回答。He isnt a stude
48、nt,is he?他不是一名学生，是吗？他不是一名学生，是吗？No.He isnt.(是啊，他不是学生。是啊，他不是学生。)/Yes.He is.（不，他是个学生。）（不，他是个学生。）注意反意疑问句否定提前时的情况。注意反意疑问句否定提前时的情况。I dont think he is honest,is he?我认为他不诚实，是吗？我认为他不诚实，是吗？一般来说句子里包含表示否定的副词，反意疑问部分选用肯一般来说句子里包含表示否定的副词，反意疑问部分选用肯定式定式;如果包含的是表示否定的动词则不遵循此规则。如果包含的是表示否定的动词则不遵循此规则。He has never been to t
49、he US,has he?他从来没到过美国，是吗？他从来没到过美国，是吗？He dislikes such a man,doesnt he?他不喜欢像这样的人，是不是？他不喜欢像这样的人，是不是？在并列句中，反意疑问句部分要和第二个分句保持一致。在并列句中，反意疑问句部分要和第二个分句保持一致。She isnt a diligent student,for it is the third time that she has been late for school,isnt it?她不是一个勤奋的学生，因为这是她第三次迟到了，是不她不是一个勤奋的学生，因为这是她第三次迟到了，是不是？是？反意疑
50、问句的构成形式为：主语反意疑问句的构成形式为：主语+表示想法的状态动词表示想法的状态动词+宾语从句，如果主句主语为第一人称，反意疑问的为宾语宾语从句，如果主句主语为第一人称，反意疑问的为宾语从句的主语；如果主句的主语为二、三人称，那么反意疑从句的主语；如果主句的主语为二、三人称，那么反意疑问的为主句的主语。问的为主句的主语。I dont think he is lazy,is he?我认为他不懒惰，是吗？我认为他不懒惰，是吗？You all know that he is honest,dont you?你们都知道他诚实，是不是？你们都知道他诚实，是不是？注意：英语口语中常用句型注意：英语口语
