1、Objectives and OutcomesLearn how to prepare and conduct an oral presentation of technical information:1.Organizing Your Presentation 2.Selecting the Right Audio-Visual Aids3.Choosing Appropriate Delivery Techniques4.Practicing Your Presentation5.Delivering Your Oral Presentation6.Reading Formulas an
2、d EquationsIntroductionOral presentations are a major application of reporting technical information.You may have the chance to report committee work,laboratory experiments,and research projects at business meetings and academic conferences.How to attract the audiences attention and deliver your spe
3、ech successfully is not an easy job.This chapter will help you develop your oral presentation skills.I.Organizing Your Presentation 组织你的组织你的演讲演讲The way you organize your presentation determines its success to some extent.Reception of spoken words is generally more difficult than written words,becaus
4、e listeners do not have the chance to repeat what they hear.The following structural and organizational strategies will make your presentation easier for listeners.1.Give Purpose-audience Statements:State your purpose and audience clearly in the introduction of your presentation.在引言中首先说明报告的目的与听众。E.g
5、.This presentation is to explain to students that self motivation is most likely to occur when they can successfully deal with the stresses in their life.2.Set Organization Tell the audience how you are organizing the information(by chronology,priority,comparison,etc.).确定组织形式：告知听众你组织信息的线索（以时间先后、主次先后
6、、比较等）E.g.I will give a chronological organization of the steps to eliminate the water contamination problem.3.Preview InformationTell in advance what the presentation covers.说明报告的内容范围。E.g.First Ill summarize design changes in this engine.Then I will identify problems these changes have caused and ex
7、plain the steps weve taken to eliminate them.4.Use Transitions:Use clear signal words to mark movement from one topic to the next or indicate a shift in perspective.在改变话题或转变内容时使用衔接词以引导听众。E.g.Now that Ive described the structure of the bacterium,I will discuss some significant characteristics based o
8、n its structure.5.Use Summaries Periodically summarize what you have covered so far.分阶段对所讲内容进行总结。E.g.So far Ive explained three common methods to eliminate animal hazards in your storehouse.6.Insert Verbal SignalsEmphasize important points.Follow up with an example for each point.对于重点内容，使用范例加以强调说明。E
9、.g.The most severe health problems occur in two high-risk groups:infants and elderly.Let me compare infant mortality in this country with that in other developed countries.For example.7.Provide a ConclusionDraw a conclusion that reviews the major points and indicates preferred action of the audience
10、.最后应对所讲重点加以总结，得出结论。E.g.As you can see on the presentation slides,we have covered six key points dealing with air pollution of the city.With this information,we should be able to justify our request for developing public transportation.II.Selecting the Right Audio-Visual Aids 选用音视频辅助设备选用音视频辅助设备In ora
11、l presentations,listeners often have difficulties in understanding what is said.To aid their comprehension,you may use audio-visual aids such as PowerPoint slides and videotapes,to help readers see the point you are making.Each tool has its advantages and disadvantages.The followings give suggestion
12、s on how to use them effectively.1.PowerPointSlide shows created in PowerPoint are now widely used in professional oral presentations.Since the program is so powerful,some of its features can be easily misused and thus cause problems in your presentation.To make the most out of PowerPoint,you should
13、 observe several guidelines:Guidelines on PowerPoint Designing(1)Dont put too much on one screen at a time.E.g.This page is too crowded with words and pictures.Avoid too much flash or decoration.Attractive animation at first sight can become distracting with more viewing.Avoid too small font size an
14、d too dim font color for the size of the room and audience.Avoid poor resolution of visuals,low figure-ground contrast,and distracting background color and texture.Learn to shift between screens quickly.You need the skill in answering questions.Allow enough time of display for the slides with inform
15、ation that needs careful reading.(2)Avoid too much flash or decoration.Attractive animation at first sight can become distracting with more viewing.E.g.Avoid too small font size and too dim font color for the size of the room and audience.Learn to shift between screens quickly.You need the skill in
16、answering questions.Allow enough time of display for the slides with information that needs careful reading.(3)Avoid too small font size and too dim font color for the size of the room and audience.This line is too small for a large room or for audiences sitting at the back of the room.The following
17、 lines,although in large font size,are too dim for a large audience.Avoid too small font size and too dim font color for the size of the room and audience.Learn to shift between screens quickly.You need the skill in answering questions.Allow enough time of display for the slides with information tha
18、t needs careful reading.(4)Avoid poor resolution of visuals,low figure-ground contrast,and distracting background color and texture.E.g.distracting backgroundLowcontrast+plusu+vminusv u,times,multiplym v,divide,over120 40=equalbe equal to1 ton=1000kg not equalx yPoor resolution of visuals(5)Learn to
19、 shift between screens quickly.You need the skill in answering questions.(6)Allow enough time of display for the slides with information that needs careful reading.2.Videotape and DVDVideotape and DVD players are powerful to show a process in motion and allow the audience to hear it.However,a videot
20、ape runs on its own pace.Once you start the tape,it is very disruptive to stop it and answer questions,or go back.Tape or disk materials may take over a presentation.Once the tape is activated,you are supplanted and become extraneous until it stops.To get the most out of videotape or disks,follow th
21、ese guidelines:Guidelines for tape or disk operation:Select your tape or disk carefully.Few tapes hold audiences interest for long.Introduce the material carefully so that listeners know what they are supposed to focus on.Keep segments short.A few minutes can seemingly be long in certain situations.
22、If you use a long tape or disk,stop it every few minutes and comment on it,or ask questions about it.Keep listeners actively engaged.3.HandoutsA handout is a simple way to help people remember what you have said.It may contain either an outline of your remarks or the complete text of your talk.By pr
23、oviding handouts,you can reduce the possibility of misquoted messages by listeners when they take notes.The disadvantage for giving handouts is that listeners may stop listening and spend the time reading them.For that reason,it is advisable for speakers either to deliver the handouts at the end of
24、the talk,or to provide an outline only.In this way,the listeners will have the key points for reference but still want to listen to you to elaborate the ideas.4.Posters and Flip ChartsPosters and flip charts are the simplest media some professional speakers still use.With posters and flip charts,you
25、 never have to worry about a bulb burning out in a projector,or a computer crashing,or being assigned to a room with no electrical outlets.The disadvantage of these tools is that they are not visible to a large audience in a big room.Another problem with them is that you have to get them folded or c
26、rushed in transportation,which may lead to possible damages.5.ChalkboardsThe chalkboard is a quite flexible medium and is free.Chalkboards or white boards work well for informal working meetings.One speaker can write down initial ideas while others add points.Words or phrases can be erased or rearra
27、nged as the discussion moves along.Chalkboards are not suitable for a more formal meeting.They not only require writing time,but also require speakers to have fairly good handwriting.Moreover,they may not be visible to many people in a large auditorium.6.Notes on Audio-visual Aids:No matter what vis
28、ual aids you are using,you may need to make necessary verbal and physical adjustments as to coordinate the visual materials with the spoken materials.Good visual material should not serve for decoration or distraction.It should be essential to the verbal message,leaving the audience with a feeling o
29、f completeness.III.Choosing Appropriate Delivery Techniques选择适当的演讲方式选择适当的演讲方式There are four basic delivery techniques:Impromptu delivery Memorized delivery Extemporaneous delivery Script delivery1.Impromptu Delivery 即兴式发言即兴式发言Impromptu is an unplanned spontaneous presentation.It is commonly used in
30、an informal speaking situation when you really know your material and feel comfortable with your audience.Such a method is too risky to be used for a technical report,in which accuracy is vital.2.Memorized Delivery 记忆式发言记忆式发言A memorized delivery means speaking from memory,in which the speaker is bus
31、y reciting the lines and trying to remember everything.It is not a recommended speech because it has the following drawbacks.Drawbacks of memorized delivery:Your plan becomes inflexible.You may have a memory lapse in one place that may upset you for the whole speech.You think of words rather than th
32、oughts,which makes your speech artificial.Your voice and body actions become stylized and lack the vital spark of spontaneity.3.Extemporaneous Delivery脱稿式发言脱稿式发言（经过准备但不用讲稿的发言）（经过准备但不用讲稿的发言）An extemporaneous delivery means speaking from an outline.It is a carefully planned and practiced speech based
33、on notes that keep you on track.You prepare an outline that includes an introduction,a conclusion and all the main points in your speech.Use capitals,spacing,underlining and other visual cues to break out the important divisions,and highlight the key points in your outline.Speaking from an outline i
34、s a highly recommended way of speech because it has the advantages as follows:Advantages of extemporaneous delivery:You can maintain eye contact easily with your audience.You need only glance occasionally at your outline to keep yourself on course.You have greater flexibility since you are concentra
35、ted on blocks of thought but not words.You can adjust your speech flexibly according to audiences response.You keep a conversational tone and your speech is more natural than reading or reciting the manuscript.4.Script Delivery 读稿式发言读稿式发言Reading from a manuscript,although not highly recommended,is s
36、till widely used in reporting technical information.Technical reports often contain complex information or extensive statistical materials.Such reports do not conform well to the outline speech form,and you have to plan to read them from the manuscript.The advantage of the script delivery is that yo
37、u wont miss or forget anything from your report.The disadvantage is that you may lose the interest from the audience by concentrating on your reading rather than on the audience.Therefore,you need to depend even more than usual on facial expression,gestures,and voice variation to maintain audience i
38、nterest.IV.Practicing Your Presentation演讲的排练演讲的排练Before you give the speech,you should practice or rehearse it.Rehearsing your presentation can help you eliminate potential problems and build up your confidence.Pay attention to the following elements in your practice.1.Adapting to a Location 做好环境准备做
39、好环境准备If possible,visit the meeting room before your talk and know what you are getting into.Try to minimize the problems that may happen on the spot by asking yourself the following questions:Will the projection equipment be available?Is the room adequately equipped with electric outlets?Is there an
40、y space to set up a screen?Can windows be covered to dim the lights?Can people in the back of the room see diagrams or other visual aids?2.Timing 记录演练时间记录演练时间When you are rehearsing a speech,pay particular attention to timing.Depending on your style and the occasion,plan on a delivery rate of 120-18
41、0 words per minute.Rehearse your presentation several times,complete with visual aids,and keep the time recorded.You will normally find that you have to delete certain material to meet the time limit.在演讲排练时应注意计时。你会发现在演讲中时在演讲排练时应注意计时。你会发现在演讲中时间过得很快，规定十分钟的发言，一讲可能就是半个间过得很快，规定十分钟的发言，一讲可能就是半个小时。因此，在演讲中应注
42、意语速。根据相关研究，小时。因此，在演讲中应注意语速。根据相关研究，如果语速达到每分钟如果语速达到每分钟220词，中低程度的学习者是难以词，中低程度的学习者是难以理解的。但是，过低的语速（每分钟理解的。但是，过低的语速（每分钟100词）也并不会词）也并不会比中等语速（每分钟比中等语速（每分钟150词）更好的理解。所以，根据词）更好的理解。所以，根据演讲场合和形式的不同，语速一般应该控制在每分钟演讲场合和形式的不同，语速一般应该控制在每分钟120到到180个词之间。个词之间。由于操作设备也需要时间，在演练时应同时使用由于操作设备也需要时间，在演练时应同时使用视听辅助设备，根据实际使用时间来调整演
43、讲的长短。视听辅助设备，根据实际使用时间来调整演讲的长短。3.Clearing Confusion 澄清问题澄清问题Do not practice alone.Always invite trial listeners to help you.Your classmates or co-workers can spot places where you are not clear.Outsiders of your topic can bring you the clues for expected simplifications or needed illustrations.This wi
44、ll let you know how well you make yourself understood.V.Delivering Your Oral PresentationHow to start your presentation effectively is not an easy job.Whichever forms,it should serve the same purpose of catching your listeners attention and preview the rest of the presentation.There are some strateg
45、ies you can choose for the speaking situation.1.Starting Your Presentation 演讲开头的表达方式演讲开头的表达方式Methods for beginning a presentation vary in their content and approach.Whichever approach you take,it should serve the purpose of capturing your listeners attention and previewing the presentations content.
46、There are several strategies to consider for beginning a presentation.(1)Declarative Statement 开门见山，直接进入话题开门见山，直接进入话题Example:Our construction of the dam has been progressing smoothly until this month.Now we have run into three problems.I want to describe all three and get your help in determining ho
47、w to resolve each one.(2)Impressive Facts or Statistics 通过引人注目的事实或数据引入话题通过引人注目的事实或数据引入话题Example:According to the latest WHO estimates in 2007,currently 300 million people have asthma,210 million people have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.While millions have allergic rhinitis and other often
48、under-diagnosed chronic respiratory diseases.I want to introduce measures about how to reduce the number of morbidity,disability and premature mortality related to chronic respiratory diseases.(3)Rhetorical Questions 使用修辞问句引起听众注意使用修辞问句引起听众注意Example:Does it feel like youre being torn in all direction
49、s?Like youre getting stressed out?Like everything is coming down on you all at once and youre not sure you can withstand the pressure?Stress depletes both energy and motivation.However,self-motivation is most likely to occur when you can successfully deal with the stresses in your life.(4)Example 使用
50、实例引起听众重视使用实例引起听众重视Example:Mrs.Phyllis Anderson is a patient of mine.She has to be confined to the wheelchair and is having increasing difficulty breathing because of serious osteoporosis.Her granddaughter will share the same fate unless we can do a much better job of home health education than we ar
