1、第三讲 定语从句01010202定语从句的种类定语从句的种类1.限制性定语从句|2.非限制性定语从句关系词的用法关系词的用法1.关系代词的用法|2.关系副词的用法 3.关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别 4.“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句5.as引导的定语从句及其与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别I.单句语法填空II.单句改错III.翻译句子IV.语法填空V.短文改错1.定语从句中的主谓一致|2.非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别|3.定语从句与地点状语从句的区别0404针对训练针对训练0303定语从句的几个问题定语从句的几个问题 定语从句的种类在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从
2、句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？Shanghai is a city(that)Ive always wanted to visit.上海是我一直想参观的城市。The time when I fir
3、st met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生是我一生中非常困难的时期。2非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。Beijing,which is the capital city of China,is a very beauti
4、ful city.中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。关系词的用法关系词三重作用连接主句与从句在从句中作句子成分指代先行词1关系代词的用法几个常见关系代词的基本用法01关系代词先行词所作成分是否可省that 物/人主语/宾语作宾语时可以省略，前有介词时不可省略 which物主语/宾语who人主语/宾语whom人宾语whose物/人定语不可以省略1关系代词的用法几个常见关系代词的基本用法01How do you like the film which/that was shown last Sunday?你认为上周日上映的电影怎么样？He worked out the most difficul
5、t problem that I had ever seen.他解答出了我所见过最难的题目。Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.不爱活动或饮食富含高脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。He has moved into a house whose window looks out over the sea.他已经搬进了一个窗子朝向大海的房子。1关系代词的用法关系代词that与which的用法辨析02Henry is the most energetic young man th
6、at I have ever come across.亨利是我见过的最有活力的年轻人。在限制性定语从句中指代物时，which 和that 一般可通用。但要注意以下几种情况：只用that而不用which 的情况先行词有形容词最高级修饰时先行词有序数词修饰时This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。1关系代词的用法关系代词that与which的用法辨析02He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈论了他拜访过的学校和老师。只用that而不用which 的
7、情况先行词既有人又有物时先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none 等不定代词时Id like to tell you something that might make you surprised.我想告诉你一件可能会让你吃惊的事情。先行词前面有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of 等词修饰时This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡觉的房间。1关系代词
8、的用法关系代词that与which的用法辨析02I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，which my classmates recommended to me.我上周从图书馆借了夏洛克福尔摩斯这本书，这是我的同学推荐给我的。只用which 而不用that 的情况引导非限制定语从句时在定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.我被置之于我不得不接受我不重要的境地。2关系副词的用法关
9、系副词先行词所作成分when介词which时间时间状语where介词which地点地点状语whyforwhich原因原因状语2关系副词的用法We will put off the picnic until next Sunday when the weather may be better.We will put off the picnic until next Sunday on which the weather may be better.我们把野餐推迟到下周日，那时天气可能会变好。When I arrived，he took me to see the house where I w
10、ould be staying.When I arrived，he took me to see the house in which I would be staying.当我到达时，他带我去看了我将要住的房子。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.The reason for which I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。2关系副词的用法 名师指津where引导定语从句时，不仅仅修饰具体的地点，还可以修饰抽引导定语从句时，不
11、仅仅修饰具体的地点，还可以修饰抽象的地点，此时先行词常为象的地点，此时先行词常为situation，case，point等抽象名词。等抽象名词。He got into a situation where it was hard to decide what was right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。3关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别正确区分关系代词和关系副词，关键是要弄清楚它们在定语从句中担当什么成分，而不仅仅取决于先行词是什么。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中作状语，就用关系副词。试比较：This is the colle
12、ge(that/which)I visited.This is the college where I studied three years ago.Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent together.Ill never forget the day when I got married.4“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词的选用先行词是人whom先行词是物which介词的选用先行词的意义和搭配从句中的动词或形容词的搭配根据句子的意思判断表示“整体和部分关系”常用of4“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句Do you remember t
13、he day on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？(on与the day 搭配)Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to为固定搭配)John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分都是家人。4“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 名师
14、指津whose也可以放在介词后，即也可以放在介词后，即“介词介词whose名词名词”结构，个别结构，个别情况下也可以用情况下也可以用“介词介词when/where”。I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far.我想要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会取得这么大的成就。She climbed up to the top of the hill，from where she could have a good view of the whole town.她登上山顶，从那
15、里她可以一览全城风光。5as引导的定语从句及其与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别as引导限制性定语从句01Its the same person as we wanted to find yesterday.我们昨天要找的是同一个人。Such girls as he knows are good at English.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。She will marry as wealthy a man as she can find.她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。其主要结构有：the same.as.，such.as.，as/so.as.等。主句中出现the same，as，su
16、ch，so修饰先行词，需选择as作关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语。5as引导的定语从句及其与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别as引导限制性定语从句01 名师指津the same，such，so引导限制性定语从句和结果状语从句的区别引导限制性定语从句和结果状语从句的区别the same，such，so可以与可以与as或或that搭配。搭配。as引导的是定语从句，在从句中充当成分；引导的是定语从句，在从句中充当成分；而而that引导的是结果状语从句，从句结构完整引导的是结果状语从句，从句结构完整。It is so breathtaking a park that everyone want
17、s to visit it.(结果状语从句)It is so breathtaking a park as everyone wants to visit.(定语从句)5as引导的定语从句及其与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别02as与which引导非限制性定语从句时都可以代指整个主句内容，其主要区别如下：关系词从句位置意义as放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可正如which只能放在主句之后这一点5as引导的定语从句及其与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别02As everyone knows
18、，China is a beautiful country with a long history.每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。名师指津当非限制性定语从句的谓语为被动式谓语时，常用当非限制性定语从句的谓语为被动式谓语时，常用as引导。引导。as be announced，as be expected，as be known，as be reported，as be said，as be shownThe air quality i
19、n the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.正如报告所显示的那样，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。定语从句的几个问题1定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称和数要与先行词一致。01He is the man who/that wants to see you.The pictures that/which look beautiful were drawn by him.as/which 作主语引导非限制性定语从句指全句时，从句谓语用第三人称。0
20、2Liquid water changes to vapor，which is called evaporation(蒸发)As is usual，Hans came to school late this morning.2非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别区分办法主要看前后句之间是否有and，but等并列连词或分号等的存在，若有，则为并列句；如果只有逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则为非限制性定语从句。In our class there are 46 students，of whom half wear glasses.(定语从句)In our class there are
21、 46 students，and half of them wear glasses.(并列句)3定语从句与地点状语从句的区别where可以引导定语从句，也可以引导地点状语从句，二者的区别主要看有无先行词。Rice grows well in the place where there is enough water.(定语从句)Rice grows well where there is enough water.(地点状语从句).单句语法填空1Like anything,it is possible to have too much of fat and salt，_ is not goo
22、d for the health.(2017全国卷)2Sarah，_ has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国卷)3My eldest son，_ work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.(2017天津卷)4The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspiration
23、s for great inventions.(2017北京卷)5In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江苏卷)whichwhowhosethat/which/不填不填whose.单句语法填空6My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,_ I was the first Western TV reporter.(20
24、16全国卷)7I still remember the farm _ my parents worked ten years ago.8I bought a great many books，_ which I spent all my money that I had saved.9There is so warm a house _ we want to live in.10The only thing _ is slower than before is the way we drive.whenwhere on as that .单句语法填空11There is no simple a
25、nswer，_ is often the case in science.12They have reached the point _ they have to separate with each other.13Remember that there is still one point _ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.14The reason _ which he refused the invitation is not clear.15Lily took a few friends to my birthday par
26、ty，none of _ I was familiar with.as wherewhich for whom .单句改错1In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国卷)2Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musi
27、cal instruments.(2017全国卷)3The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.4Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,that might not be served until 8 oclock at night.5We went up to the roof，from which we had a good view of the procession.whichthat/whichthat/which或去掉或去掉w
28、hatwhichwhere.单句改错6The children，all of them had played the whole day long，were worn out.7My house，that I bought two years ago，has got a lovely garden.8Which we know，smoking is harmful to ones health.9This is the museum where we visited last summer.10Is this the reason why he explained for his rudene
29、ss at the meeting？whom或或wherewhich/thatwhich As 或或whywhich/that.翻译句子1上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2桂林是座具有2 000年历史的城市。(which/that在从句子中作主语)3住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。(who/that在从句中作主语)4他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。(that在从句中作宾语)The man whom/that you saw last week has left the town.Guilin is a city which/that has
30、a history of 2，000 years.The man who/that lives downstairs speaks English well.He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.翻译句子5查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。(who引导非限制性定语从句)6我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。(which引导非限制性定语从句)7正如一句谚语所说，“只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。”(as引导非限制性定语从句)8在汉语演讲比赛中获得一等奖，这是我做梦也没有想到的。(whi
31、ch引导非限制性定语从句)Charlie Smith，who was my former teacher，retired last year.My house，which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden.As a saying goes，“All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy.”I won the first prize in the Chinese speech competition，which was beyond my wildest dreams.语法填空 Laughter Yoga
32、 is a new form of exercise 1._ promotes the use of laughter as a form of physical exercise.It 2._(create)in the mid1990s as a social experiment.Although it came from India and 3._(definite)includes some yoga，dont expect it to have much in common with the yoga classes 4._(offer)at your local studio o
33、r gym.Laughter Yoga attaches more importance to the former than to the latter.The method began in 1995 when Dr.Madan Kataria called on a group of students in a park 5._(test)whether introducing regular laughter into peoples lives would improve their wellbeing.Kataria also introduced deep breathing a
34、nd simple stretches into the exercises.that/whichwas createddefinitelyofferedto test.语法填空 Medical research has suggested 6._ laughing is a good way to reduce stress and help people feel good.Katarias Laughter Clubs are popping up in response 7._ peoples need to handle 8._(press)Kataria also offers b
35、ooks and DVDs to people 9._ dont have access to a local Laughter Club.However，connecting with other humans is a big part of Laughter Yogas success in 10._(help)people feel better and experience more joy.that to pressurewho/thathelping The Lantern Festival this year fell on February 11th.On that day
36、after school，I hurried back to home to join in the preparation of the big family dinner.Grandparents taught me how to make sweet dumplings while Dad and Mom made dish.Then comes the dinner time.We all agreed that homemade dumplings tasted many sweeter.We chatted happily，enjoy the family togetherness
37、.After the dinner，we went to the park，where was built 100 years ago，to appreciate the beautiful lanterns.Two huge dragon lanterns especial amazed us and we couldnt help flash our cameras.Walking in the park and admiring the beautiful moon，we felt we were so luckily to have each other as a family and
38、 valued the time when we spent together.What a fantastic Lantern Festival!.短文改错dishescamemuchenjoyingwhichespeciallyflashingluckythat/which或去掉或去掉when39目录目录CONTENTS第十讲 代词和介词（短语）01010202代词代词1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词|2.指示代词 3.不定代词|4.it的用法介词（短语）介词（短语）1.常见介词的用法|2.固定搭配中的介词I.单句语法填空|II.单句改错|III.翻译句子|IV.语法填空|V.短文改错06
39、06针对训练针对训练401PART ONE 代词41目录代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。与汉语不同，在英语中代词使用非常广泛。虽然代词的数量有限，但种类和变化却非常繁多。代词根据其用法特点可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。42目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 类型词义主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词我Imemyminemyself你youyouyouryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself我们w
40、eusouroursourselves你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves43目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词1.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等成分。2形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语，修饰名词。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”，可以作主语、宾语和表语，只能单独使用，不能用于名词前。3反身代词通常表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语、同位语，有时候也可以作介词的宾语。44目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词She was beau
41、tiful and could run faster than others.她(那时)很美并且比其他人跑得快。He invited some friends of his to his party.他邀请了他的一些朋友参加宴会。The child looked at himself in the mirror with interest.那个孩子饶有兴趣地看着镜子里的自己。45目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词名师指津含有反身代词的习惯用语by oneself 独自地独自地for oneself 亲自亲自of oneself 自动地自动地in oneself 本质上，本身本质上，本身hel
42、p oneself to 随便吃随便吃/用用enjoy oneself 玩得开心玩得开心teach oneself 自学自学make yourself at home 别客气别客气say to oneself 自言自语自言自语think for oneself 独立思考独立思考seat oneself 就座就座come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉苏醒，恢复知觉be not oneself 身体不舒服身体不舒服behave oneself 举止规矩举止规矩46目录二、指示代词指示代词用 法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物that/th
43、ose指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that 可指上文提到过的人或物such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数so代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点47目录二、指示代词What I want to say is this：you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想说的是，你应该抓住每一分钟的时间完成你的工作。Such is the power of th
44、e Internet that it can make a person suddenly famous.这就是网络的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.这所规模很小的学校的教学质量比有些规模较大的学校的教学质量还要好。Studying Wendys menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦
45、当劳的相似。48目录三、不定代词1不定代词的基本用法不定代词用 法each/both/alleach指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”either/neither either表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不”none/nothingnone表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事”anotheranother泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”other/othersother泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。other可数名词复数other
46、sthe other/the othersthe other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the other可数名词复数the others 49目录三、不定代词1不定代词的基本用法As the two dictionaries are useful,Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but neither of them wants to,be
47、cause they have work to do.拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。50目录三、不定代词2复合不定代词的用法某任何每个没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing 51目录三、不定代词2复合不定代词的用法Th
48、ere is something in his words.We should have a try.他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱它。52目录三、不定代词3.表示数量的不定代词的用法代词用法表示意义含义few修饰可数名词否定含义几乎没有a few修饰可数名词肯定含义几个；一些little修饰不可数名词否定含义几乎没有a little修饰不可数名词肯定含义少量；一点点many修饰可数名词肯定含义许多much修饰不可
49、数名词肯定含义许多53目录三、不定代词3.表示数量的不定代词的用法Few of us can speak four foreign languages.我们当中很少有人会说四种外语。She can speak a little French，but she knows little English.她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。54目录四、it的用法指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等。Its early spring,but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。155目录四、it的用法指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this，that。Altho
50、ugh he didnt like it,I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，我还是决定去看一看。256目录四、it的用法当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来指代。What will you call it if it is a boy?要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？357目录四、it的用法作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句。It is dangerous for you to swim in the river.你在这条河里游泳是危险的。(it作形式主语，to swim in t
