1、食品感官分析与测试食品感官分析与测试食品感官分析与测试-S e n s o r y A n a l y s i s -F a c t o r s I n fSensory Analysis is a scientific discipline used to evoke,measure,analyze and interpret reactions to those characteristics of foods and materials as they are perceived by the senses of:感官分析是一门科学，用来唤起、测量、分析和诠释对于食物和原料特质的反应如以
2、下感觉：Sight视觉视觉Smell 嗅觉嗅觉Taste 味觉味觉Touch 触觉触觉 Hearing 听觉听觉Wh a t i s S e n s o r y A n a l y s i s?什么是感textureMouth feelsmelldefectsviscositycolorsizeshapetasteKinestheticFlavorAppearanceSensory analysis is about collecting data from human assessors to understand what they perceived when exposed to a
3、product感官分析是从人体感觉器官收集数据，进而了解它们是如何感知产品的Human are used as measuring instrument.人类作为测量的仪器t e x t u r e Mo u t h f e e l s m e l l d e f e c t s vOlfactory Nerve 嗅神经Trigeminal Nerve三叉神经Aroma香气:Odour of Product 产品的气味(nasal route)顺鼻腔路径Aroma香气(retronasal route)逆鼻腔路径T h e S e n s e o f S m e l l 嗅觉O l f a c
4、 t o r yRepeated short or long hard sniffs.或长或短地重复用力吸气Sniff same number of times resting in between each series 每次休息时吸气次数保持一致Solids or semi-solids should be stirred or broken in order to expose to a fresh surface 固体或半固体应搅拌或破碎以提供新鲜的表面P r o c e d u r e s F o r S m e l l i n g闻香的程序RBitter 苦味苦味Acidic 酸味
5、酸味Salty 咸味咸味Sweet 甜味甜味Umami 鲜味鲜味T h e S e n s e o f T a s t e 味觉B i t t e r 苦味Discriminative tests 辨别测试啜饮以激活所有的味蕾Product matching 产品复制()_Please comment accordingly.Panelist Control品评小组的控制Panelist Control品评小组的控制Statistics 统计Panelist Control品评小组的控制Two samples group_Please rinse your mouth with water b
6、efore starting.Before evaluation 品评前278 543Arrive at the time agreed for the test按其甜味强度依次排列Liquids 液体Same amount for each judge 数量一致Taste small sips and roll around mouth to activate all taste bud areas 啜饮以激活所有的味蕾Or slurp so that liquid is sprayed uniformly throughout the mouth 或咕嘟咕嘟地喝，使液体均匀分布在口腔Rin
7、se mouth carefully with water or have a bite of cracker 仔细地漱口或者咬一口苏打饼干D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试P r o c eSolids 固体Take small mouthfeels or pieces around the tongue to activate all taste bud areas 取小块品尝，绕舌一圈，以激活所有的味蕾Rinse and rest between samples to avoid carry-over or fatigue 品尝不同样品间
8、要漱口和休息一下，以避免味道残留或味觉疲劳P r o c e d u r e s F o r T a s t i n g尝味的程序S oSensory Stimulus 感官刺激感官刺激Sense organ感觉器官Sensation感觉感觉Memory记忆记忆Expectation期望期望Motivation动力动力Brain大脑Perception知觉知觉H u m a n a s m e a s u r i n g I n s t r u m e n t The stimulus hits the sense organ and is converted to a nerve signa
9、l which travels to the brain;the brain then organizes and integrates the incoming sensation into perceptions with the contribution of past experience;lastly a response is formulated based on the subjects perceptions感官受到刺激，将其转化为神经信号传输到大脑；大脑根据以往的经验将感觉组织整合为知觉.；最终，基于主体的知觉而形成反应H u m a n a s m e a s u r i
10、 n g I n s t r u m e n t Expectation error 期望错误Stimulus error 刺激错误Leniency error 宽大错误Proximity error 近似错误Central tendency error 中心化错误F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g S e n s o r y MeSuggestion effect 暗示效应Positional bias(order effect)位置偏见(顺序效应)Contrast effect and 对照效应和集中错误convergence error Motivat
11、ion 动力F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g S e n s o r y MeExpectation error 期望的错误Information given with the sample may trigger preconceived ideas 样品附带的信息可能导致先入为主 Stimulus error 刺激的错误Irrelevant criteria,such as color or size influence the observer 无关的标准如颜色或大小会影响观察者E x p e c t a t i o n e r r o r 期望的错
12、误F a c t o r sLeniency error 宽大的错误Based on their feelings about the researcher,ignoring product differences 根据对研究者的感觉，而忽略了产品的差异Suggestion effect 暗示效应Reactions of other members of a panel can influence the response of a panelist 品尝小组中其他成员的反应会影响测试者F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g S e n s o r y MePo
13、sitional bias(order effect)位置偏见(顺序效应)Score the second product(of a set of products)higher or lower than expected 给一组产品中第二个产品打分偏高或偏低Contrast effect and convergence error 对照效应和集中错误Exaggerate the difference or mask small differences between the other samples in their scores夸大或掩盖样品间的差异P o s i t i o n a
14、l b i a s (o r d e r e f f e c t)Proximity error 近似的错误Correlation between characteristics close together maybe higher than other characteristic 相似特征间的关联比其他特征间的关联可能要高一些Central tendency error 中心化的错误Scoring products in the midrange of a scale to avoid extremes 给产品打分偏中等，以避免极端P r o x i m i t y e r r o r
15、近似的错误F a c t o r s IMotivation 动力Affects sensory perception.For e.g.interested panelist is always more efficient and reliable.动力会影响感官知觉。比如感兴趣的品尝小组成员总会更有效、更可靠。Mo t i v a t i o n 动力F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c iEnvironment Controls 环境的控制Panelist Controls 品评小组的控制C o n t r o l s F o r S e n s o r y T e
16、 s t i n g对Panel Booth Testing Area 品评单间的测试区域Sensory evaluation of products 产品的感官品评Descriptive Evaluation&Training Area 描述性品评和培训的区域Meeting with panelist 和品评小组成员开会Preparation Area&Serving Area 准备和分发的区域Sample preparation and serving 样品的准备和分发Office Area 办公区域Administrative preparations of tests and thei
17、r interpretation 测试的行政准备和解释E n v i r o n m e n t C o n t r o l s环境的控制P a n Individual booth 单独隔开的小间 Sliding door 移动门 Neutral wall color 中性的墙壁颜色 Sink and Tap 水槽和龙头 Colored lightning 有颜色的光照 Odor-free 无气味 Computer 电脑P a n e l B o o t h T e s t i n g A r e a品评单间的 Facilities similar to booth area 设备和品评单间
18、相似 Conference style table for 6-12 panelists 可坐 6-12 人的会议桌 Whiteboard,clock 白板，时钟 Preparation facilities for reference samples 准备参考样品的设施D e s c r i p t i v e E v a l u a t i o n&T r a i n Well-equipped kitchen设备良好的厨房 Odor-free&ventilated无味且通风良好 Air-conditioned 空调 Refrigerator/frozen storage space 冰箱
19、/冷冻保存空间 Construction material建筑材料 Specialized equipment特殊器材P r e p a r a t i o n&S e r v i n g A r e a准备和 Close to panel booth 靠近品评单间 Convenient to locate records,storage space,any computer terminal 便于安装记录、储存空间和电脑终端 Phone,printer at sufficient distance 、打印机摆放在合理的距离内O f f i c e A r e a 办公区域C l o s e
20、t o p a n eMapping(FCA)图示图示F1F2FruitProduit AProduit BProduit CQuantitative Descriptive Profile定量的风味描述定量的风味描述Statistics 统计统计Blind tests盲试盲试Controlled environment 控制的环境控制的环境S e n s o r y A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Ma pPanel Orientation 品评员的指导Before evaluation 品评前Do not smoke and consume swee
21、ts,coffee or anything with a strong taste immediately or less than 30 minutes before the test 测试前30分钟内不可抽烟，吃糖，喝咖啡或品尝其他味重的东西Arrive at the time agreed for the test 准时到达P a n e l i s t C o n t r o l品评小组的控制P a n e l Panel Orientation 品评员的指导Before evaluation 品评前Do not use strong perfume,perfumed after-sh
22、ave lotion,perfumed soap,etc 不要使用浓烈的香水，润肤香水，香皂等Informed impaired physical form e.g.Cold or headache 身体不适，如感冒或头痛P a n e l i s t C o n t r o l品评小组的控制P a n e l Panel Orientation 品评员的指导During evaluation 测试中Do not talk to colleagues during assessments 测试时不要和同事说话Do not bring extraneous items,such as newsp
23、apers into the test booth 不要带无关的东西到测试场所如报纸等P a n e l i s t C o n t r o l品评小组的控制P a n e l Panel Orientation 品评员的指导During evaluation 测试中Use all the time available for making evaluations 用全部的时间作测试Panelist are not allowed to visit the test kitchen during the test 测试时成员不可去测试准备室P a n e l i s t C o n t r o
24、 l品评小组的控制P a n e l Analytical分析的New Product development 新产品研发 Product matching 产品复制Product improvement 产品改进Process change工艺改变Storage stability 贮存稳定性Product grading and rating 产品分级和打分Affective情感方面的Consumer acceptance/opinions消费者认可/意见Consumer preference 消费者偏好A n a l y t i c a l N e w P r o d u c t d e
25、 v e l o p mDescriptive tests描述测试Quantified description of the differences perceived between products 定量地描述产品间的差异Analytical tests分析测试分析测试Discriminative tests 辨别测试To detect if there is a difference between a range of products 去发现一组产品中是否有差别Affective tests情感测试情感测试Hedonic/Preference tests 喜好测试To study p
26、references and dislikes of consumers 研究消费者的喜好和厌恶T h e S e n s o r y t e s t s 感官测试D e s c r i p t成对喜偏好测试成对喜偏好测试Paired Preference Test 姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Department):_Please rinse your mouth with water before starting.You have been given two samples.开始前请先漱口。您将品尝到两个样品Taste the product on the left first.
27、Then taste the product on the right.You may retaste as often as you need to.先尝左边产品,再尝右边产品。可以按自己的需要反复品尝Circle the number of preferred sample.圈出您喜欢的产品(157)(468)Please comment on the reasons for you choice 请说明您选择的理由:(157)(468)_Hedonic/Preference tests 喜好测试喜好测试成对喜偏好测试H e d o n i c/P r e f e r e n c e t
28、e s t排序偏好测试排序偏好测试Rank Preference Test 姓名姓名(Name):_ 部门部门(Department):_Please rinse your mouth with water before starting,before each sample and anytime you need to.请在开始时,品尝每个样品之间和任何您需要的时候漱口You will receive FOUR samples.Please rank them in the order of your degree of preference.你会收到四个样品(254,857,359,46
29、0),请按照喜欢的程度给它们排序Write to the very top the code of the sample you like best(to which you give the first position in the degree of preference)and to the very bottom the code of the sample you like least.将您最喜欢产品的编号写在最上方,最不喜欢的产品写在最下方Mark the degree of preference for the other samples in between.Ties are
30、 not allowed.其余的产品写在中间。不允许存在相互联系_1st rank position 排列位置(most liked 最喜欢)_2nd rank position 排列位置_3rd rank position 排列位置_4th rank position 排列位置(least liked 最不喜欢)Hedonic/Preference tests 喜好测试喜好测试排序偏好测试H e d o n i c/P r e f e r e n c e t e s t s享乐型的批分测试享乐型的批分测试Hedonic Rating Test姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Departme
31、nt):_Please taste each sample from LEFT to RIGHT.Please drink water and eat a cracker between samples.请从左到右品尝每个样品。请在品尝样品之间喝水吃饼干请从左到右品尝每个样品。请在品尝样品之间喝水吃饼干 Considering All characteristics(APPEARANCE,FLAVOUR,and TEXTURE).Indicate your overall opinion by circling one point on the following scale.考虑所有特征考虑
32、所有特征(外观外观,风味和组织风味和组织),并圈出能够并圈出能够反映你整体意见的分值反映你整体意见的分值Describe what you liked and disliked about each of the samples.描述你对这个产品有什么喜欢还是不喜欢的地方描述你对这个产品有什么喜欢还是不喜欢的地方?()_()_()_()_Sample Code()()()()Rating ScaleLike extremely9999Like very much8888Like moderately7777Like slightly6666Neither like nor dislike555
33、5Dislike slightly4444Dislike moderately3333Dislike very much2222Dislike extremely1111Hedonic/Preference tests 喜好测试喜好测试H e d o n i c/P r e f e r e n c e t e s t s 喜好测试Evaluation Form姓名Name日期Date产品Product 目标目标OBJECTIVE:To obtain general description about the products based on the comments given by the
34、 panellist,and to determine the preference among the samples,for more than two samples evaluation.INSTRUCTIONS:You are given a few samples.Pls.describe them,rate your preference and rank them accordingly(Remark:Equal ranks are not allowed.)1-Dislike Extremely非常不喜欢非常不喜欢;6-Like Slightly有点喜欢有点喜欢;2-Disl
35、ike Very Much很不喜欢很不喜欢;7-Like Moderately喜欢喜欢;3-Dislike Moderately不喜欢不喜欢;8-Like Very Much 很喜欢很喜欢;4-Dislike Slightly有点不喜欢有点不喜欢;9-Like Extremely非常喜欢非常喜欢5-Neither Like Nor Dislike;既不喜欢也不讨厌既不喜欢也不讨厌Sample Evaluation comments Rating(1-9)Rank548216703549612Hedonic/Preference tests 喜好测试喜好测试E v a l u a t i o n
36、 F o r m H e d o n i c/P r e f e r e三角测试三角测试Triangle Test姓名姓名(Name):P18_ 部门部门(Department):_您将品尝到您将品尝到3个样品。两个是同样的，一个是不同的。个样品。两个是同样的，一个是不同的。You have been given three samples.Two of these samples are identical,one is different.请集中注意力，依次品尝这些样品，区分它们的不同之处：请集中注意力，依次品尝这些样品，区分它们的不同之处：Please taste these sampl
37、es in the order given below in concentrating your attention on the difference in flavour:圈出与其他两个不同的样品号圈出与其他两个不同的样品号Circle the number of the different sample.837911586标出它们之间的差别大小程度标出它们之间的差别大小程度Indicate the degree of difference in flavour between the identical samples and the different one.评注：评注：Comme
38、nts不同的样品：不同的样品：Different sample _相同的样品：相同的样品：Identical samples _No differenceInsignificantModerateVery NotecibleExtremeDiscriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试三角测试D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试对比测试对比测试 Duo-Trio Test姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Department):_我们会给您一个标为我们会给您一个标为“R”的参照样品和另外两个样品。的参照样品和另外两个样品。You hav
39、e been given a reference sample“R”and two coded samples.请先品尝样品请先品尝样品“R”，然后再品尝其他两个。在后两个样品中选出您认为与然后再品尝其他两个。在后两个样品中选出您认为与“R”相同的样品。相同的样品。Please smell and taste the reference sample“R”first,followed by the two coded samples.Indicate which of the two coded samples is identical to the reference sample“R”.如
40、果您认为两个样品与如果您认为两个样品与“R”都很相似，您必须在其中猜选一个。都很相似，您必须在其中猜选一个。If no difference is apparent between the two unknown samples,you must guess.可以允许重复品尝可以允许重复品尝Retasting is allowed.圈出您认为与参照样品相同的样品号圈出您认为与参照样品相同的样品号Circle the number of the identical sample.278 543评注：评注：Comments278 543_Discriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试对
41、比测试 D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试DIFFERENCE FROM CONTROL TEST五选二测试五选二测试TWO OUT OF FIVE TEST姓名姓名(Name):P20_部门部门(Department):_我们会给您我们会给您 五个样品五个样品.其中两个是同样的其中两个是同样的,而另三个相同成为一组而另三个相同成为一组.You have been given five samples.Two of these five samples belong to one set;the other three belong to an
42、other set.请选择两个相同的样品请选择两个相同的样品,在这两个样品编号边打上在这两个样品编号边打上X记号记号Identify the two samples which belong together by placing an X after the code number.同时请在评语栏里填上作相应评价同时请在评语栏里填上作相应评价Please comment accordingly.编号编号CODE_ _ _ _评语评语COMMENTS:Two samples group_Three samples group_ Discriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试D i
43、s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试排序测试排序测试Ranking Test姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Department):_您将品尝到不同甜味强度的三个样品您将品尝到不同甜味强度的三个样品You have been given three samples of different sweetness intensity.请闻其香味，尝其味，并回答下列问题请闻其香味，尝其味，并回答下列问题Please smell and taste these samples and answer the following question:399 5258
44、33 按其甜味强度依次排列按其甜味强度依次排列Rank these three products in ascending order of their sweetness:No.1 _No.2_No.3_(No.1 为为 甜度最低，甜度最低，No.3为甜度最强为甜度最强)(With No.1 of the least sweetness and No.3 of the highest sweetness)评注：评注：Comments_Discriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试打分测试打分测试
45、Scaling Test姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Department):_产品产品(Product):Milk powder(4)Utilisation of the CATEGORY scaleSamples:9 8 7SWEET:01234563 7 8SWEET:01234562 4 9SWEET:01234565 2 7SWEET:01234560.Absence 1.Just Detectable 2.Weak 3.Moderate 4.Slightly Strong 5.Strong 6.Very Strong Discriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试打
46、分测试 D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试打分测试打分测试Scaling Test姓名姓名(Name):_部门部门(Department):_Intensity rating scale with the utilisation of Difference.Please rate according to the reference Ref.A:010Ref.B:010 Samples:0102 6 80104 5 70101 7 6 0105 3 4 Absent Moderate Very IntenseDiscriminative tes
47、ts 辨别测试辨别测试D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试DIFFERENCE FROM CONTROL TESTName:_Date:3/11/01_Type of Sample:*Instructions:.You have received 4 samples(3-digit coded)and a control sample marked“R”.Taste the control sample marked“R”first.Then taste the test sample marked“XXX”in the indicated se
48、quence order.Assess the overall sensory differences between the two samples using the scale Below.Comment on the differences.0 12 34 56 78 910No Moderate Extreme Diff Diff.Remember that a Duplicate Control is the sample some of the time.*CodeDegree of DifferenceComments on Difference(Strength/Profil
49、e etc.)_732_581_463_694_Discriminative tests 辨别测试辨别测试D i s c r i m i n a t i v e t e s t s 辨别测试Procedures For Tasting尝味的程序If no difference is apparent between the two unknown samples,you must guess.Indicate your overall opinion by circling one point on the following scale.the 7-pt scale.Analytical t
50、ests分析测试Remember that a Duplicate Control is the sample some of the time.请闻其香味，尝其味，并回答下列问题Remember that a Duplicate Control is the sample some of the time.*2_interested panelist is always more efficient and reliable.大脑根据以往的经验将感觉组织整合为知觉.感官分析是从人体感觉器官收集数据，进而了解它们是如何感知产品的*DIFFERENCE FROM CONTROL TESTSoli
