1、 代词代词1 1、人称代词：、人称代词：表示表示“我我”“你你”“”“他他”“”“她她”“”“它它”“”“我我们们”“”“你们你们”“”“他们他们”的词。的词。人称代词有人称代词有人称、数和格人称、数和格的变化。的变化。2 2、物主代词：、物主代词：表示表示“我的我的”“”“你的你的”“”“他他的的”“”“我们的我们的”“”“他们的他们的”所有所有关系的代词。关系的代词。3 3、反身代词：、反身代词：表示表示“我（们）自己我（们）自己”“”“你（们）你（们）自己自己”“”“他（们）自己他（们）自己”等的代等的代词。词。人称代词人称代词物主代词物主代词反身代词反身代词主格主格宾格宾格 形容词性形
2、容词性 名词性名词性Iyouhesheitweyoutheymeyouhimheritusyouthemhisyoursminehersitsouryourtheirmyselfyourselfhishermyyouritsoursyourstheirshimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves4 4、指示代词：、指示代词：表示表示“这个这个”“”“那个那个”“”“这这些些”“”“那些那些”等指示概念的代词。等指示概念的代词。单数单数复数复数thisthatthesethose4 4、不定代词：、不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词的代不是
3、指明代替任何特定名词的代词。词。“两者都两者都.”常与常与and连用连用both A and B 都都“（三者或三者以上人或事）都（三者或三者以上人或事）都”她和我两个都是学生。她和我两个都是学生。Both she and I are students.他们都学习很努力。他们都学习很努力。They are all work hard.注：注：all 指人用复数，指事用单数。指人用复数，指事用单数。e.g.大家都在这里。大家都在这里。All _ here.全都结束了。全都结束了。All _ over.areisoneones“一个一个”“一些一些”给我本一书。绿色的那本。给我本一书。绿色的那本。
4、Give me a book.the green one.这些苹果不红。给我些红苹果吧。这些苹果不红。给我些红苹果吧。These apples are not red.Give me some red ones.either两者中的任一个，表肯定两者中的任一个，表肯定 either or 两者都不，表否定两者都不，表否定 neither nor无人，表否定无人，表否定neitherno one 两个女孩中的任一个都是莉莉的同学。两个女孩中的任一个都是莉莉的同学。Either of the girls is Lilys classmate.两个女孩中的任一个都不是莉莉的同学。两个女孩中的任一个都
5、不是莉莉的同学。Neither of the girls is Lilys classmate.我有两本书，你可以拿走我有两本书，你可以拿走任意一本任意一本。I have two books,and you can take either one.无人知道此事。无人知道此事。No one knows it.固定搭配：固定搭配：either/neither of+名名（代）词复数（代）词复数+谓语动词单三谓语动词单三manymanymuch much“许多许多”+可数可数n.复数复数“许多许多”+不可数不可数n.课桌上有许多书。课桌上有许多书。There are many books on th
6、e desk.瓶子里有许多水。瓶子里有许多水。There is much water in the bottle.many,much,a lot of=lots ofa fewa fewfewfew“有一些有一些”+可数可数n.复数（肯定）复数（肯定）“几乎没有几乎没有”+可数可数n.复数（否定）复数（否定）我没有几本好书。（否定）我没有几本好书。（否定）I have few good books.在这里我有一些好朋友。（肯定）在这里我有一些好朋友。（肯定）I have a few good friends here.a a littllittle elittle little“有一点有一点”
7、+不可数不可数n.（肯定）（肯定）“几乎没有几乎没有”+不可数不可数n.（否定）（否定）我身上没带钱。我身上没带钱。I have little money.我身上带了点钱。我身上带了点钱。I have a little money.someany都可以修饰可数都可以修饰可数/不可数不可数n.肯定句肯定句否定句否定句/疑问句疑问句一些男孩在踢足球。一些男孩在踢足球。Some boys are playing football.我不想要牛奶，我想要些红茶。我不想要牛奶，我想要些红茶。I dont want _ milk,I want _ black tea.anysome注意：注意：表示表示“邀请
8、邀请”的一般疑问句，的一般疑问句，若说话人想要得到若说话人想要得到肯定的回答肯定的回答，则，则用用some不用不用any.Would you like _ coffee?Yes,please./No,thanks.I dont want _ coffee.someany（谓语动词用（谓语动词用单数单数）each every每一个每一个强调强调“个体个体”，可用来指两可用来指两个或两个以上的人或事物。个或两个以上的人或事物。强调强调“全体全体”，只可指三只可指三个或三个以上的人或事物。个或三个以上的人或事物。each,every他课桌上的他课桌上的每本书每本书都值得一读。都值得一读。Each b
9、ook on his desk is worth reading.我俩我俩每个人每个人都穿了件红外套。都穿了件红外套。Each of us wears a red coat.路的路的两边两边都是树。都是树。There are some trees on each side of the street.每个同学每个同学都通过了考试。都通过了考试。Every student passed the exam.20人人1人人WC1人人officeonethe otheranother19人人18人人another:三者以上的另一个。三者以上的另一个。the other:两者中的另一个；或是三两者中的另
10、一个；或是三者以上的另一些。者以上的另一些。其余的学生在哪？其余的学生在哪？Where are the other students?我不喜欢这些笔，拿些别的让我看看。我不喜欢这些笔，拿些别的让我看看。I dont like these pens,show me some others.班里有班里有15个学生，其中个学生，其中10个是男孩，其个是男孩，其他的是女孩。他的是女孩。There are fifty students in our class.Ten of them are boys.The others are girls.Others:其余的人或物，数量不准确。其余的人或物，数量不
11、准确。The others：两部分中的另一些，数量：两部分中的另一些，数量较准确较准确不定代词不定代词 意义意义用法说明用法说明 the other两者中另两者中另一个一个常与常与one 连用，构成连用，构成“one the other”;或是三者以上的另一些。或是三者以上的另一些。others泛指别的人泛指别的人或物（不是或物（不是全部）全部）数量不确定，不能做定语，常构成数量不确定，不能做定语，常构成“some others.”the others两部分中两部分中的另一些的另一些特指其余的人或物，数量较确定特指其余的人或物，数量较确定 another三者以上三者以上的另一个的另一个指三者以
12、上的任一个指三者以上的任一个onebodythingwhereeveryeveryoneeverybodyeverythingeverywherenono onenobodynothingnowhereanyanyoneanybodyanythinganywheresomesomeonesomebodysomethingsomewhere1.1.系动词系动词2.2.实义动词（及物和不及物实义动词（及物和不及物）3.3.助动词助动词4.4.情态动词情态动词系动词：连系表语的词。系动词：连系表语的词。系动词有词义，不能独立做谓系动词有词义，不能独立做谓语。语。He is wrong.(系词系词+表
13、语做谓语表语做谓语)一、系动词一、系动词 bebe（am,is,are,was,weream,is,are,was,were）感官动词感官动词 (look,smell,taste,sound,feel,seem)(look,smell,taste,sound,feel,seem)表示发展变化的词表示发展变化的词 (turn,get,keep,become)(turn,get,keep,become)系动词系动词他是强壮的。He is strong.你必须保持健康。You must keep healthy.树叶变绿了。The leaves turn green.莉莉似乎很生气。Lily see
14、ms very angry.1.Autumn is coming,the leaves 1.Autumn is coming,the leaves _yellow._yellow.2.The girl _beautiful.2.The girl _beautiful.3.The food_delicious.3.The food_delicious.4.Autumn is coming,it_colder 4.Autumn is coming,it_colder and colder.and colder.5.That song _ well.5.That song _ well.turnlo
15、okstastesgetssounds能独立做谓语的词，按句法作用分能独立做谓语的词，按句法作用分为及物和不及物动词。为及物和不及物动词。I I hithit her.her.He He cutcut his finger.his finger.The sun The sun risesrises.及物vt.不及物vi.及物vt.hurt-hurt-hurthurt-hurt-hurt（受伤、伤（受伤、伤害）害）say-said-said say-said-said stand-stood-stood stand-stood-stood spend-spent-spentspend-spent
16、-spentthink-thought-thought think-thought-thought buy-bought-bought buy-bought-bought bring-brought-broughtbring-brought-broughtcatch-caught-caught catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taughtteach-taught-taughthold-held-heldhold-held-heldlend-lent-lent lend-lent-lent send-sent-sent send-sent-sent leave-
17、left-left leave-left-left meet-met-met meet-met-met sweep-swept-swept sweep-swept-swept sleep-slept-slept sleep-slept-slept keep-kept-keptkeep-kept-keptO Orise-rose-risen rise-rose-risen write-wrote-written write-wrote-written speak-spoke-spokenspeak-spoke-spokensteal-stole-stolen steal-stole-stolen
18、 O Oride-rode-ridden ride-rode-ridden O Odrive-drove-driven drive-drove-driven sing-sang-sungsing-sang-sungO Otake-took-taken take-took-taken O Ogive-gave-given give-gave-given fly-flew-flownfly-flew-flownO Oknow-knew-known know-knew-known O Othrow-threw-thrown throw-threw-thrown eat-ate-eaten eat-a
19、te-eaten forget-forgot-forgottenforget-forgot-forgottenI like it.I like it.其中其中likelike是实意动词，如何变否定疑问是实意动词，如何变否定疑问.用用dodo来帮助它，我们把来帮助它，我们把dodo、doesdoes、diddid等等称为助动词。称为助动词。I dont like it.I dont like it.Do you like it?Do you like it?助动词，无词义，不能独立做谓语，助动词，无词义，不能独立做谓语，帮助构成时（态），语（态），否（定句）和帮助构成时（态），语（态），否（定句
20、）和疑（问句）。疑（问句）。常见助动词有五个，常见助动词有五个，be,do,have,shall,will.be构成被动与进行，构成被动与进行，do构成疑问和否定构成疑问和否定have构成现在完成时，构成现在完成时，shall,will表示将来时表示将来时1.I am watering the flowers.1.I am watering the flowers.帮助构成（现在帮助构成（现在/过去）进行时。过去）进行时。2.Tom was hit by his father 2.Tom was hit by his father yesterday.yesterday.帮助构成被动语态。帮助
21、构成被动语态。小测试：小测试：She is Lily.(is She is Lily.(is 是助动词吗？是助动词吗？)答案：答案：NO.NO.I have a book.I have a book.其中其中havehave是助动词吗是助动词吗？答案：答案：NO.NO.have/had+V.have/had+V.过去分词过去分词现在完成时现在完成时/过去完成时过去完成时 其中其中havehave是助动词吗？是助动词吗？答案：答案：YES.YES.用于一般将来时态。用于一般将来时态。willwill用于所有人称，用于所有人称，shallshall只用于第一只用于第一人称。人称。She will
22、finish her homework in She will finish her homework in ten minutes.ten minutes.Shall I take an umbrella?Shall I take an umbrella?She can speak French and I She can speak French and I cant.cant.什么叫情态动词？什么叫情态动词？表示说话人对所述动作的看法表示说话人对所述动作的看法，如，如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等情感或需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等情感或状态。状态。He can speak English well
23、,but I He can speak English well,but I cant.cant.We must stay here.We must stay here.情态动词有词义，不能单独做情态动词有词义，不能单独做谓语，无人称和数的变化，后面谓语，无人称和数的变化，后面必须接动词原形。必须接动词原形。1.1.三个都表三个都表“能力能力”could could 是是cancan的过去式。的过去式。eg:I couldnt speak English.eg:I couldnt speak English.I can speak English now.I can speak English
24、 now.将来能力使用将来能力使用shall/will/be able shall/will/be able to.to.eg:I will be able to speak eg:I will be able to speak French.French.2.2.can/could can/could 表表“请求、允许请求、允许”could could 比比can can 更委婉。更委婉。eg:Could I borrow your eg:Could I borrow your book?book?3.3.can/could can/could 表表“怀疑、推测怀疑、推测”可能性可能性 ca
25、nt becant be eg:It cant be Lilys eg:It cant be Lilys bag.bag.1.1.表表“请求、许可请求、许可”might might 比比maymay更委更委婉、客气。婉、客气。eg:May I come in?eg:May I come in?Might I come in?Might I come in?2.2.“可能可能”，表推测。，表推测。可能性可能性 may be might bemay be might beeg:He may come tomorrow.eg:He may come tomorrow.He might come to
26、morrow.He might come tomorrow.必须必须 不得不不得不1.must表表个人意志和主观上的必要个人意志和主观上的必要，意，意为为“必须必须”“”“应该应该”用于一般现在时；用于一般现在时；I must go now.2.have to表表客观上的必要客观上的必要。意为。意为“必必须须”“”“不得不不得不”除可用于现在时外，还可以表将来时除可用于现在时外，还可以表将来时shall/will have to和过去式和过去式had to。1.这台电视机不能用了，我们必须买这台电视机不能用了，我们必须买台新的。台新的。This TV doesnt work.We have t
27、o buy a new one.2.那时我们必须买台新的。那时我们必须买台新的。We had to buy a new one.3.我们将不得不买台新的。我们将不得不买台新的。We will have to buy a new one.I _study hard,because I I _study hard,because I want to go to Beijing want to go to Beijing University.University.I _go I _go shopping,shopping,becausebecause the fridge the fridge i
28、s empty now.is empty now.musthave to1.You are his mother,you_look 1.You are his mother,you_look after him.after him.2.You are a student,you_study 2.You are a student,you_study hard.hard.3.She would be glad if you _ help 3.She would be glad if you _ help her.her.应该应该愿意愿意理所应当理所应当ought toshouldwould mu
29、st becant bemay bemight be既可作情态动词，又可作行为动词。既可作情态动词，又可作行为动词。做情态动词，无人称、数变化，主要做情态动词，无人称、数变化，主要用于否定句和疑问句用于否定句和疑问句1.1.只作情态动词的有：只作情态动词的有：must,can(could),may(might)must,can(could),may(might)2.2.可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有needneed，daredare3.3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有可作情态动词也可作助动词的有will(would).shall(should)will(would
30、).shall(should)4.4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有具有情态动词的某些特征的有have have to,ought toto,ought to 动词不定式的基本形式是动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形动词原形“，有时可以不带，有时可以不带to.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。在句中可以作不能作谓语。在句中可以作主语、表语、宾主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。用法：用法：1.1.用作宾语用作宾语 (v.+to do)(v.+to do)I want I want to buyto buy a
31、 computer.a computer.She hopes She hopes to findto find a better job.a better job.I wish I wish to goto go with you.with you.need to doneed to do learn to do learn to do agree to do agree to do plan to do decide to doplan to do decide to do refuse to refuse to dodobegin to do start to dobegin to do
32、start to do try try to doto doforget to do remember to doforget to do remember to do like to like to dodoStop to doStop to dogo on to dogo on to doShe She asked asked meme to help to help her.her.The teacher The teacher told told himhim to come to come on time.on time.Edisons mother Edisons mother t
33、aught taught himhim to read and to read and writewrite.wantwant sb to do sb to dowishwish sb to do sb to do getget sb to do sb to doorderorder sb to do sb to do findfind sb to be sb to be likelike sb to do sb to do would likewould like sb to do sb to dohelphelp sb to do sb to do常见动词有：常见动词有：一感：一感：fee
34、lfeel二听：二听：listen to,hearlisten to,hear三让三让:let,make,have:let,make,have四看四看:see,look at,watch,notice:see,look at,watch,notice比较：比较：I saw her I saw her crossing crossing the street.the street.I saw her I saw her cross cross the street.the street.I went there I went there to seeto see my teacher.my te
35、acher.She came back She came back to getto get her English book.her English book.The box was too heavy The box was too heavy to moveto move.(目的目的)(目的目的)（结果）（结果）4.4.用作主语用作主语1.To be an actress is my dream.2.To go abroad is his dream.3.To say is easy,to do is difficult.（这时可将其用形式主语（这时可将其用形式主语it来替换）来替换）I
36、t is my dream to be an actress.It is his dream to go abroad.It is easy to say,it is difficult to do.Its+adj+of sb+to do sth.Eg:你能邀请我，你真是太善良了。Its very kind of you to invit me.若形容词是描述人的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb.Eg:你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。Its clever of you to work
37、out the maths problem.Its+adj+for sb+to do sth.若形容词是描述事物的性质，用for sb.这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。Eg:对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.Eg:对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。Its difficult for us to finish the work.5.用作表语用作表语His work is to feed the a
38、nimals.Her job is to look after the patients.My wish is to be a scientist.6.用作定语用作定语Give me something to drink.They have much food to eat.（这时不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。（这时不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。若是不及物动词，介词不能省略）若是不及物动词，介词不能省略）He asked for a room to live in.I dont have a pen to write with.7.疑问词疑问词who,what,which,where,when,h
39、ow加加to do可构成不定式短语，在句中可用作主语、可构成不定式短语，在句中可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。When to start has not been decided.I dont know what to do.He can tell you where to get the book.The question is who(m)to ask.(主语主语)(宾语宾语)(宾语补足语宾语补足语)(表语表语)I dont know I dont know what to dowhat to do.I dont know I dont know how t
40、o do ithow to do it.I dont know I dont know what to do about itwhat to do about it.1.1.It takes you ten minutes to get there.It takes you ten minutes to get there.2.2.I hope to see him soon.I hope to see him soon.3.3.His wish is to become an artist.His wish is to become an artist.4.4.People eat to l
41、ive,but not live to People eat to live,but not live to eat.eat.5.5.I have a lot to tell you.I have a lot to tell you.6.6.Its not right to be always thinking Its not right to be always thinking of oneself.of oneself.7.7.We often see him play football.We often see him play football.定语定语主语主语状语状语表语表语宾语宾
42、语主语主语宾语补足语宾语补足语1 1跳舞非常有趣。跳舞非常有趣。2 2种些植物是非常有必要的。种些植物是非常有必要的。3 3说英语对我来说并不容易。说英语对我来说并不容易。4 4听到你的声音真高兴。听到你的声音真高兴。To dance is a lot of fun.It is a lot of fun to dance.To grow plants is very important.To hear your voice is so nice.To speak English is not easy for me.It is so nice to hear your voice.1 1我的工
43、作是每天打扫这间屋子。我的工作是每天打扫这间屋子。2 2最上策的计划就是马上离开这儿。最上策的计划就是马上离开这儿。3 3 我的梦想就是成为一名科学家。我的梦想就是成为一名科学家。My work is to clean the room every day.The best plan is to leave at once.My dream is to be a scientist.1 1他想借用我的录音机。他想借用我的录音机。2 2他们开始读和写。他们开始读和写。3 3李琳喜欢玩什么？她喜欢踢足球。李琳喜欢玩什么？她喜欢踢足球。4 4你长大了想做什么？你长大了想做什么？He wants to
44、 borrow my radio.They began to read and write.What sports does Li Lin like to play?She likes to play soccer.What do you want to be when you grow up?1 1 我有许多书要看。我有许多书要看。2 2 她有几个问题要问。她有几个问题要问。3 3 他有一台电视要修。他有一台电视要修。4.4.我没什么可担心的。我没什么可担心的。I have many books to read.She has a few questions to ask.He has a
45、TV set to repair.I have nothing to worry about.5 5他是一个值得信赖的人。他是一个值得信赖的人。6 6 爱迪生是第一个发明电灯的人。爱迪生是第一个发明电灯的人。7 7 他那生病母亲最多可活三个月。他那生病母亲最多可活三个月。He is a man to believe in.Edison was the first man to invent the lights.His sick mother has three months to live at most.They looked for him everywhere and found hi
46、m _ under the tree.a.liesb.lyingc.layd.lain考点：see/hear/find/watch sb.do sth.(看见某人做了某事）See/hear/find/watch sb.doing sth.（看见某人正在做某事）I saw him _ the supermarket just now.a.enteredb.enteringc.enterd.to enterThe girl who sold matches was found _ the next morning.a.dieb.dyingc.diedd.dead-Do you remember _
47、 me somewhere in Hangzhou?-Yes.I think thats 2 years ago.a.seeb.seeing c.to seed.saw forget/remember to do sth.forget/remember doing sth.stop/go on to do sth stop/go on doing sthThe scientist stopped _ to me though he was busy.a.talkingb.to talkc.to have talk d.having talkThe more you think about it
48、,the more questions you will think of _.a.askb.askedc.askingd.to ask考点：to do 表示目的The doctor did what he could _ that child.a.saveb.to save c.savedd.savingI have no pen _.a.writing b.writing withc.to write withd.writing to do 作定语，如是不及物动词构成不定式短语作定语，其后需接介词不定冠词不定冠词 a,ana,an定冠词定冠词the the 1.用于可数名词的单数形式前，表
49、示“一”动物园里有一只老虎。There is a tiger in the zoo.2.表示一类人和东西 老虎可能有危害性。A tiger can be dangerous.3.表示“每一”的意思 我们每周去游泳四次。We go swimming four times a week.4.用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业 我妈妈是教师。My mother is a teacher.5.第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明 是哪一个 很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他 有一个非常美丽的女儿。Long long ago there was an old king who had a very
50、 beautiful daughter.6.在英语中有些以“h”开头的词，h不发音，前面加an eg：an hour7.在such a，quite a句式中 他是一个相当好的演员。He is quite a good actor.Dont be in such a hurry.不要如此匆忙。8.在感叹句 what.的句式中 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！What a pretty girl she is!a lot of 许多 a great many 很多 a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）a great deal of 大量 a great number ofa放在辅音辅音
