1、12Chapter 1:IntroductionlWhy management accounting?lOrigin and evolution of management accountinglContrasting financial and management accountinglEthical standards for management accountinglManagement accounting in China3Chapter 2:Classifying CostslAssigning costs to cost objectsProduct costlDirect
2、materialslDirect laborlManufacturing overheadPeriod costlSelling costlAdministrative costPrime cost and conversion cost4Chapter 2:Classifying CostslInventory classificationsRaw materialsWork-in-processFinished goodslThe flow of product cost Manufacturing cost for current period+Beginning work-in-pro
3、cess inventory=cost of goods available to be finished-Ending work-in-process inventory=Cost of goods manufactured 5Chapter 3:Determining Costs of ProductslJob order costingDirect material:traceDirect labor:traceManufacturing overhead:allocatelCost pool and allocation baselActual cost system vs.norma
4、l cost systemlOver-apply vs.under-applylProcess costingEquivalent units and cost per equivalent unitCost of ending work-in-processCost of completed units6Chapter 4:Activity Based CostinglABCCost driver:causes the cost to occurSteps to employ ABClReview manufacturing overheadlIdentify major activitie
5、slPool the costs of major activitieslDetermine multiple cost application rateslDetermine the costs assigned to individual productsComparison of traditional and ABC overhead allocation 7Why allocate?How much to allocate?Allocate to whom?How to allocate?12348Chapter 5:Cost BehaviorlCommon cost behavio
6、r patternsFixed costs:think as totalVariable costs:think on a per-unit basisRelevant rangelMixed costs and its separationThe engineering approachScatter graphingThe high-low methodRegression analysis 9Chapter 6:Business Decisions using Cost BehaviorlCost-volume-profit analysisContribution marginltot
7、al vs.per unitlContribution margin ratioBreak-even(in units and in dollars)Target profit(in units and in dollars)lThree formulas(page 136)Sensitivity analysis10CVP EquationsSales Variable Costs Fixed Costs=target profit(Sales)(VC ratio*Sales)FC=target profit(SP/unit*units)(VC/unit*units)FC=target pr
8、ofit(Sales)(VC ratio*Sales)FC=TP ratio*Sales11Chapter 6:Business Decisions using Cost BehaviorlAbsorption costing and variable costingFunctional and contribution income statement12SalesVariableCostsContributionMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Variable S&AFixed Mfg.Fixed S&AProfit13Sales
9、Cost of Good SoldGrossMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Fixed Mfg.Variable S&AFixed S&AProfit14Chapter 7:Making Decisions Using Relevant InformationlRelevant InformationRelevant Cost&Relevant BenefitlSunk CostslOpportunity CostslQuantitative FactorslQualitative FactorslSegment Margin15Is
10、 the item a futurecost or benefit?The cost orbenefit is nota relevant item.The cost orbenefit is nota relevant item.The cost or benefitis a relevant item.Does the cost orbenefit differfrom decisionalternatives?16lAccording to the above two criteria:Historical cost(sunk cost)is irrelevant.Future cost
11、 that will not differ is irrelevant.Variable cost can be irrelevant.Fixed cost can be relevant.Precise but irrelevant information is worthless for decision making.Imprecise but relevant information can be useful.17Types of ProblemslA.Equipment ReplacementSunk Costs&DepreciationlB.Special OrderFixed
12、Cost&Opportunity CostslC.Outsourcing:Make or Buy DecisionFixed Costs and Opportunity CostslD.Discontinuing A Business SegmentAvoidable Costs&Unavoidable Costs18Chapter 8:Capital Budgetingl Time value of moneyExhibit A8-5 and A8-10(P 213 and P 216)l The business planning processThe why,the what,the h
13、ow and the whol Cost of capitalWeighted average cost of capitall Capital budgeting methodsNet present valueProfitability indexInternal rate of returnPayback periodAccounting rate of return19Chapter 9:The Operating BudgetlDifferent approaches to budgetinglPreparing an operating budgetSales budgetCost
14、 of goods sold budgetSelling and administrative expenses budgetPurchases budgetCash budgetlCash receipts and cash payments scheduleBudgeted statementslBalance sheet,income statement and statement of cash flow20Chapter 9:The Operating BudgetlPerformance reportStatic budgetFlexible budgetStatic budget
15、 variancelSales volume variancelFlexible budget varianceFavorable variance and unfavorable varianceManagement by exception21Chapter 10:Standard Costingl StandardsQuantity and price standardsIdeal and practical standardsl Variance AnalysisDirect material quantity varianceDirect material price varianc
16、eDirect labor efficiency varianceDirect labor rate varianceVariable mfg.overhead efficiency varianceVariable mfg.overhead spending varianceFixed mfg.overhead budget varianceFixed mfg.overhead volume variance22Chapter 11:Evaluating PerformancelAllocating service department costlCentralization and dec
17、entralizationlEvaluating business segmentsRevenue centerCost centerProfit centerInvestment centerlReturn on investment and residual incomelTransfer pricing23Problemsl1.Cost allocation and ABCCalculate and commentl2.Gross margin and contribution marginAbsorption costing and variable costing l3.Capita
18、l budgetNet present valueProfitability indexInternal rate of returnPayback periodAccounting rate of return24Problemsl4.Variance analysisCalculate and commentl5.Cost-volume-profit analysisBreak-even point and target profitSensitivity analysisRelevant rangel6.Making decisions using relevant informatio
19、nIdentify relevant informationSunk cost and opportunity costQuantitative factors and qualitative factors25Problemsl7.Evaluating performanceReturn on investment and residual incomel8.Comprehensive problemCVP analysis and sensitivity analysisRelevant information and decision makingl9.Comprehensive pro
20、blemCapital budgetingCVP analysisTransfer pricing and decision makingProblem 126Problem 127Problem 128Problem 129Problem 230Problem 23132SalesCost of Good SoldGrossMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Fixed Mfg.Variable S&AFixed S&AProfit20,000100,00033Problem 2l*Answer(e)is simply 100-20=8
21、0.34SalesCost of Good SoldGrossMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Fixed Mfg.Variable S&AFixed S&AProfit20,000100,00080,00035,00025,00015,00035Problem 2l*Answer(c)is 80-(35+25+15)=5.36SalesCost of Good SoldGrossMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Fixed Mfg.Variable S&AFixed S&APr
22、ofit20,000100,00080,00035,00025,00015,000-5,00037Problem 2l*Total selling and administrative expenses=5+20=25.lThe fixed selling and administrative expenses=10 Then answer(a)is 25-10=15.38Problem 2l Sales$100l Cost of goods manufactured and sold(i.e.,l manufacturing cost of goods sold):l Direct mate
23、rial$35l Direct labor 25l Variable manufacturing overhead 5*l Fixed manufacturing overhead 15l Total manufacturing cost of goods sold 80*l Gross profit 20l Selling and administrative expenses:l Variable 15*l Fixed 10 25l Net loss$(5)39Problem 2l*Answer(e)is simply 100-20=80.l*Answer(c)is 80-(35+25+1
24、5)=5.l*Total selling and administrative expenses=5+20=25.Then answer(a)is 25-10=15.40SalesVariableCostsContributionMarginDirect MaterialDirect LaborVariable Mfg.Variable S&AFixed Mfg.Fixed S&AProfit41Problem 2l Sales$100lDirect materials (35)lDirect labor (25)lVariable manufacturing overhead (5)lVar
25、iable selling and administrative l (15)lContribution margin$20l Break-even =(15000+10000)/0.2=$125,00042Problem 34344Problem 3Problem 3Problem 3Problem 4lPage 183 7-3248Page 183 7-3249Problem 4l Howe Tie Company manufactures ties.When 18,000 items are produced,the costs per unit are:lDirect material
26、s$0.60l Direct manufacturing labor 3.00lVariable manufacturing overhead 1.20lFixed manufacturing overhead 1.60lVariable selling 0.80lFixed selling 1.13lTotal$8.30l The ties normally sell for$13 each.Howe Tie Company has received a special order for 2,000 ties at$6.00 per tie.Howe Tie Company has exc
27、ess capacity.l Required:Compute the amount by which the operating income would change if the order were accepted.50Problem 4l Answer:lAdditional sales(2,000 x$6.00)$12,000lRelevant costs:lDirect materials(2,000 x$0.60)$1,200lDirect labor 2,000 x$3.00)6,000lVariable manufacturing overhead 2,400l (2,0
28、00 x$1.20)lVariable selling(2,000 x$0.80)1,600 l 11,200lAdditional operating income$80051Problem 5lPage 184,7-35lPage 184,7-3652Page 184,7-3553Page 184,7-3654Problem 5l练习35556Problem 657Problem 658Problem 6l 59Problem 660Problem 661Problem 6l 6.Osaka Company is planning to buy new equipment to expan
29、d their production of a popular desk.Estimated data are:l Cash cost of the new equipment now$380 000l Estimated life in years 10l Terminal salvage value$60 000l Incremental revenues per year$320 000l Incremental expenses per year(other than depreciation)$165 00062Problem 6l Assume a 60%flat rate for
30、 income taxes.The company receives all revenues and pays all expenses other than depreciation in cash.Use a 14%discount rate.Assume that the company uses ordinary straight-line depreciation based on a ten-year recovery period for tax purposes.Also assume that the company depreciates the original cos
31、t less the terminal salvage value.l The present value of$1 at 14%for ten years is 0.270;the present value of an annuity of$1 at 14%for ten years is 5.216.;the future value of$1 at 14%for ten years is 3.707;the future value of an annuity of$1 at 14%for ten years is 19.337.63Problem 6lCompute:l(1)Anti
32、cipate net income per year(2%)l(2)Annual net cash flow(3%)l(3)Payback period(2%)l(4)Accounting rate of return on initial investment(2%)l(5)Net present value(3%)64Problem 6l（1）Depreciation expense:(380,000-60,000)10=32,000l Net income:l Revenues 320,000 l Less expense:l Depreciation 32,000l Other 165
33、,000 197,000l Operating income 123,000 l Less income tax(60%)73,800l Net income 49,20065Problem 6l（2）Cash flow:49,200+32,000=81,200 per yearl or 320,000-165,000-73,800=81,200l（3）Payback period:380,000 81,200=4.7 years l（4）Accounting rate of return:49,200 380,000=12.9%66Problem 6l（5）NPV:l Annual cash
34、 flows,81,200 x 5.2161=423,547l Salvage value,60,000 x 0.2697=16,182l Gross present value 439,729l Less:Investment 380,000 l Net present value 59,729 67Page 318 10-44Problem 768Page 318 10-44lDirect material price variancel=19360-16000*1.10=1760 UlDirect material quantity variancel=12000*1.10-2300*5
35、*1.10=550 UlDirect labor rate variancel=46410-4750*12=10590 FlDirect labor efficiency variancel=4750*12-2300*2*12=1800 U(Actual material price Standard material price)Actual material quantity(Actual material quantity Standard material quantity)Standard material price(Actual labor hours Standard labo
36、r hours)Standard labor rate per hour(Actual labor rate Standard labor rate)Actual labor hours69Page 318 10-44lVariable mfg.overhead spending variancel=29100-4750*6=600 UlVariable mfg.overhead efficiency variancel=4750*6-2300*2*6=900 UlFixed mfg.overhead budget variancel=50125-48000=2125 UlFixed mfg.
37、overhead volume variancel=(3000-2300)*2*8=11200 UStandardrate ofvariable OHEfficiencyvariancein hoursVariable OHefficiencyvariancein dollars=Actual directlabor hoursVariable OHstandardrateStandard cost ofvariable OH foractual laborhours worked=Standard cost ofvariable OH foractual laborhours workedActualvariableOH costVariable OHspendingvariance=ActualfixedOH costBudgetfixedOH costFixed OHbudgetvariance=l单选 20*1l判断10*1l计算 6 7071 l期中考试试题72
