1、Learning from observationLearning from observation1 1ALBERT BANDURA SOCIAL LEARNING THEORISTAlbert Bandura was born on December 4,1925 in a small town called Mundare in northern Alberta,Canada(50 miles east of Edmonton).He was the youngest and only boy of six children.2 2ALBERT BANDURA SOCIAL LEARNI
2、NG THEORIST1949:1949:Bandura received his B.A.degree from the University of British Columbia1951:1951:M.A.received from the University of Iowa1952:1952:Ph.D.received from University of Iowaunder the direction of Arthur BentonWhile studying at Iowa,Banduras interest in childhood aggression beganIdea
3、of social learning theory established while pursuing Ph.D.at University of Iowa1964-Present:1964-Present:Full professor position given to Bandura at Stanford 1977:1977:Bandura became known as the Father of the Cognitive Theory.3 3ALBERT BANDURA-EDUCATION4 4Social learning theory focuses on the learn
4、ing that occurs within a social contextsocial contextSocial learning theory considers how people learn from one another by observing,imitating,and modeling.In social learning theory,people(observers)are trying to learn by imitation or modeling.Therefore,the model or third person can be a reinforcer.
5、For instance,from an operant condition perspective,learners are reinforced often enough that they continue to copy those around them.As a result,their imitation(copying)itself becomes a habit which is called generalized.5 5“Social Learning Theory”has been renamed Social Cognitive Theory”to accommoda
6、te later developments of the theory because of his focus on motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that contribute to a persons behavior,rather than just environmental factors.According to Bandura,human beings have specific abilities related to learning that sets them apart from other s
7、pecies6 6SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORYSocial cognitive theory states that there are three characteristics that are unique to humans:Vicarious consequences(Model and imitate others)Selfefficacy (self reflection)Performance standards and moral conduct(Ability to regulate ones own behavior)7 7G GENERALENERAL
8、 PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES OFOF SOCIALSOCIAL LEARNINGLEARNING THEORYTHEORYPeople can learn by observinglearn by observing the behavior of others and then imitating the behavior overtly.Learning can occur without a changewithout a change in behavior.Cognition plays a rolerole in learning.Individuals are m
9、ore likely to adopt a modeled behavior if it results in outcomes they value.Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if the model is similar to the observed and has admired status and the behavior has functional value.8 8BANDURAS EXPERIMENT ON MODELINGExperiment that showed children c
10、ould easily learn through observational learning modelingFrustrated children go to beat on the clown after seeing adult model do the same.Reinforcements and punishment may influence what we imitate.9 9BANDURAS EXPERIMENT ON MODELINGThe The BoboBobo Doll Study Doll Study“BoboBobo doll”studies doll”st
11、udies showed observational learning and the impact it can have on violent behavior in children.Albert Banduras Bobo doll study in 1961 was a classic study that demonstrates the social learning theory.The study showed that after viewing adults strike and kick a Bobo doll,children would imitate the be
12、havior in another environment.This was important,as it suggests that the violence could be imitated by viewers.Results showed 88%of the children imitated aggressive behavior following the viewing of the tape of adults acting aggressively toward the doll.8 months later 40%of the same children reprodu
13、ced the violent behavior observed in the Bobo doll experiment.1010 The children were shown three different endings to the video.The video first showed that the adults were praised for their aggressive behavior.The second group the adult was told to sit in a corner.The third group showed the adult wa
14、lk out of the room.While controversial,Bandura m a i n t a i n e d t h a t h i s experiment demonstrated that children are influenced by witnessing or modeling of aggression in others.THE BOBO DOLL STUDY(CONTINUED)1111P PROCESSROCESS OFOF L LEARNINGEARNING THROUGHTHROUGH MMODELINGODELING1.1.Attentio
15、nAttention:If you are going to learn anything,you have to be paying attention.The person must first pay attentionpay attention to the model.2.2.RetentionRetention:You must be able to retain or remember what you have paid attention to.We retain mental images or verbal descriptions.3.3.ReproductionRep
16、roduction:You have to translate the images or descriptions into actual behaviors.4.4.MotivationMotivation:the final necessary ingredient for modeling to occur is motivationmotivation,learners must want to demonstrateto demonstrate what they have learned.(If positive reinforcement is potentially avai
17、lable,enact the modeled behavior)(Remember that since these four conditions vary among individuals,different people will reproduce the same behavior differently).1212EXAMPLEChildren who see an adult behave aggressively might view that aggressive behavior as a positive thing(i.e.,expect positive rein
18、forcement of some type for that behavior),and therefore might imitate that aggressive behavior.1313E EDUCATIONALDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONSIMPLICATIONS OFOF SOCIALSOCIAL LEARNINGLEARNING THEORYTHEORY1.Students often learn a greatlearn a great deal simply by observingobserving other people.2.To promote e
19、ffective modeling a teacher must make sure that the four essential conditions exist;attention,retention,motor reproduction,and motivation.3.Teachers and parents must model model appropriate behaviorsappropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors.4.Teachers should
20、exposeexpose students to a varietyvariety of other modelsmodels.This technique is especially important to break down traditional stereotypes.1414E EDUCATIONALDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONSIMPLICATIONS OFOF SOCIALSOCIAL LEARNINGLEARNING THEORYTHEORY5.It is very important to develop a sense of self-self-effi
21、cacyefficacy for students.Teachers can promote such self-efficacy by having students receive confidence-building messages,watch others be successful,and experience success on their own.6.Teachers should help students set realistic realistic expectationsexpectations for their academic accomplishments.7.Self-regulation techniques provide an effectiveeffective method for improvingimproving student behaviorbehavior.1515
