1、.1血流动力学监测与治疗.2血流动力学监测概念 是指依据物理学的定律,结合生理和病理生理学概念,对循环系统中血液运动的规律性进行定量地、动态地测量和分析,并将这些数据反馈性用于对病情发展的了解和对临床治疗的指导.3什么样的病人需要监测?什么样的病人需要监测?麻醉中麻醉中 围手术期围手术期 老年患者老年患者 失血失血 创伤创伤 烧伤烧伤 严重感染严重感染 基础疾病、心脏功能基础疾病、心脏功能.4为什么需要监测?.5为什么需要监测?为什么需要监测?.6血流动力学监测的目的 确定心输出量心输出量是否适合组织的氧需要量,如果不适合将 确定血流动力学系统哪个部分需要调整来重新建立氧供需平衡,并取得理想的
2、心脏和混合静脉血的氧储备.7心率前负荷前负荷?收缩力心搏血量STROKE VOLUME心排血量CARDIAC OUTPUT左心室收缩协调性左心室壁完整性心瓣膜功能正常后负荷监测目的:哪个部分需要调整?外周血管阻力外周血管阻力SVR.8血流动力学监测手段的发展容量反应性 无创 有创 无创 压力指标容量指标心肺交互作用目的:寻求合适的容量监测方法为临床决策提供真实的依据 改善组织灌注及氧代谢目标导向!.9血流动力学ABC理论ABD是将心功能点由A移向D点的最佳选择 调整心脏前负荷是增加每搏输出量的首要措施12D EDVCABSV.10前负荷状态静态指标Static hemodynamic indi
3、ces Classification Index Measurement instrument Pressometric indices RAP often measured as CVP PAOP Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Volumetric indices R/LVEDV R/LVEDA ITBV GEDV Echocardiography Echocardiography PiCCO PiCCO.11CVP监测监测 数值升高 容量负荷过多 右心室功能衰竭 三尖瓣狭窄及返流 心包填塞 限制性心包炎 肺动脉高压 慢性
4、左心室功能衰竭 数值降低低血容量?.12Swan-Ganz导管 肺动脉嵌顿压(PAWP):反映左心舒张末压,曾被认为是左心前负荷的“金标准”在没有二尖瓣病变及肺血管病变的情况下:平均PAWP平均PAPLAPLVEDP.13压力不再是液体容量反应性的指标Osman,et al.CCM 2007 心脏的充盈压无法预测心脏的充盈压无法预测 液体容量反应性液体容量反应性 用压力推导容量的用压力推导容量的敏感性和特异性敏感性和特异性 50-55%.14Frank-Starling曲线SVPreloadSteep or Flat?.15病例 患者女,59岁,因多发性骨髓瘤于血液科行化疗,第8天突发高热,T
5、:39.5,伴咳痰增多、气促 2015.3.26血常规:WBC 4.7*109/L,N 89.4%,CRP 5.68mg/L,PCT 0.05ng/ml;肺CT:两肺提示炎症,心脏扩大,左室明显 抗感染方案:美罗培南针+氟康唑针.16病例 2015-3-30凌晨患者突发胸闷、气促加重,需半坐位,咳粉红色泡沫样痰,SpO2 最低72%,无尿 血气分析:pH 7.30,PaCO2 19.8mmHg,PaO2 53.5mmHg,乳酸2.4mmol/L,BE mmol/L。BNP 1330pg/ml 治疗措施:气管插管+机械通气(模式BiPAP,FiO2 60%,PEEP 4cmH2O)+米力农针+呋
6、塞米针80mg+欣康针+抗感染(利奈唑胺针+卡泊芬净针+美罗培南针)SpO2维持在92%左右.17病例 2015-3-30夜间21:30 SpO2进行性下降,气急明显,FiO2 80%效果欠佳,血压依赖大剂量去甲肾上腺素 气道内粉红色泡沫样痰 血气分析:pH 7.21,PaCO2 35mmHg,PaO2 47mmHg,乳酸 3.5mmol/L,BE-14mmol/L CVP 15mmHg IVC 50%.18 诊断:心源性休克?感染性休克?梗阻性休克?治疗:肾脏替代?高PEEP、小潮气量通气?液体复苏?溶栓?.19重症超声.20.21IVC=IVCinsp-IVCexpIVCinsp+IVCe
7、xp1835M at eri al s and m et hodsPat i ent sW e st udi ed 39 m echani cal l y vent i l at ed pat i ent s w i t h sept i c shock.Thi sgroup com pri sed 22 m en and 17 w om en,aged bet w een 20 and80 years(m ean age 65 15 years).Incl usi on cri t eri a w ere sept i cshock asdefi ned by t he Int ernat
8、i onalSepsi sD efi ni t i onsConference10,and t he cl i ni cal requi rem ent for a rapi d vol um e chal l enge(8 m L/kg of6%hydroxyet hyl st arch over20 m i n)accordi ng t o t heat t endi ng physi ci an.The physi ci an s deci si on w as based on t hepresence of cl i ni cal si gns of acut e ci rcul a
9、t ory fai l ure(l ow bl oodpressure or uri ne out put,t achycardi a,m ot t l i ng),or/and bi ol ogi calsi gns of organ dysfunct i on(renal or hepat i c dysfunct i on,hyper-l act aci dem i a)and on t he absence of cont rai ndi cat i on t o a fl ui dchal l enge(l i fe-t hreat eni ng hypoxem i a,echoca
10、rdi ographi c evi denceofri ghtvent ri cul ar fai l ure).The i nst i t ut i onalrevi ew board forhu-m an subj ect sconsi dered t he prot ocolt o be a partofrout i ne cl i ni calpract i ce so t hatno w ri t t en i nform ed consentw asobt ai ned from t hepat i ent s nextofki n.M easurem ent sA t w o-d
11、i m ensi onal echographi c sect or w as used t o vi sual i ze t hei nferi orvena cava(sub-xyphoi dall ong axi s vi ew),and i t sM-m odecursor w as used t o generat e a t i m e-m ot i on record of t he i nferi orvena cava di am et er(DI V C)approxi m at el y 3 cmfromt he ri ghtat ri um(Fi g.1).M axi
12、m um and m i ni m um DI V Cval ues overa si ngl erespi rat ory cycl e w ere col l ect ed and t he DI V Cvari at i on(DDI V C)cal cul at ed as t he di fference bet w een t he m axi m um and t he m i ni-m um DI V Cval ue,norm al i zed by t he m ean of t he t w o val ues andexpressed as a percent age.C
13、ardi ac out put w as eval uat edusi ng echocardi ographybym easuri ng t he di am et er of t he aort i c ori fi ce and t he vel oci t y t i m ei nt egral of aort i c bl ood fl ow duri ng end-expi rat i on as previ ousl ydescri bed 7.A l lm easurem ent s w ere perform ed i n t ri pl i cat e by asi ngl
14、 e experi enced operat or(M.F.).The reproduci bi l i t y ofDDI V Cand cardi ac out putm easurem ent sst andard devi at i on(SD)di vi ded by t he m ean of t he t hree m ea-surem ent s w as 3 4%and 9 5%,respect i vel y.St udy prot ocolA l lpat i ent s w ere sedat ed and m echani cal l y vent i l at ed
15、 i n a vol um e-cont rol l ed m ode w i t h a t i dalvol um e of 8 10 m L/kg.Tw o set s ofm easurem ent s w ere perform ed:t he fi rstpri ort o vol um e expansi onand t he second i m m edi at el y aft er vol um e expansi on.V ent i l at oryset t i ngsasw el lasdosagesofvasopressi ve drugsw ere hel d
16、 const antt hroughout t he st udy.A l l D oppl er-echocardi ographi c m easure-m ent s w ere m ade off-l i ne from t he vi deot ape recordi ng.St at i st i calanal ysi sResul t s w ere expressed as m ean SD.The effect s of vol um e ex-pansi on on hem odynam i c param et ers w ere assessed usi ng a n
17、on-param et ri c W i l coxon rank sum t est.A ssum i ng t hata15%change i ncardi ac out putw asrequi red forcl i ni calsi gni fi cance 6,7,pat i ent sw ere separat ed i nt o responders and non-responders by change i ncardi ac out putof15%and 15%fol l ow i ng t he vol um e chal l enge.The com pari so
18、n of hem odynam i c param et ers pri or t o vol um e ex-pansi on i n responder and non-responder pat i ent s w as perform edusi ng a non-param et ri c M ann-W hi t ney t est.Li near correl at i onsw ere t est ed usi ng t he Spearm an rank m et hod.A P val ue l ess t han0.05 w as consi dered st at i
19、st i cal l y si gni fi cant.Resul t sV ol um e expansi on i nduced a si gni fi cant(P0.001)i n-crease i n cardi ac out put(5.7 2.0 vs 6.4 1.9 L/m i n),m axi m um DI V C(18.7 5.0 vs21.5 3.8 m m)and m i ni m umDI V C(16.8 5.5 vs 20.5 4.0 m m)and a si gni fi cant de-crease i n DDI V C(13.8 13.6 vs 5.2
20、5.8%).The percenti ncrease i n cardi ac out put w as negat i vel y and w eakl ycorrel at ed w i t h t he pre-i nfusi on m axi m um DI V C(r=0.44,P0.01)and m i ni m um DI V C(r=0.58,P0.001).A verycl ose rel at i onshi p(Fi g.2)w as observed bet w een t hevol um e l oadi ng-i nduced i ncrease i n card
21、i ac out put andt he pre-i nfusi on DDI V C(r=0.82,P1218.22Critical Care 2012,16:R188 IVC40%患者通常对液体负荷有反应 IVC 8ml/kg)窦性心律,HR130 次/分PiCCO的技术原理a.经肺热稀释技术b.动脉脉搏轮廓分析技术.34j监测参数:监测参数:心输出量心输出量 每搏量每搏量 每搏量变量每搏量变量 体循环阻力体循环阻力 胸内血容量(胸内血容量(ITBV)血管外肺水(血管外肺水(EVLW)j 可得到定量指标:可得到定量指标:心输出量(心输出量(CO)、胸内血容量(、胸内血容量(ITBV)、全心
22、舒张末血容量、全心舒张末血容量(GEDV)、心功能指数()、心功能指数(CFI)、外周血管阻力(、外周血管阻力(SVR)、血)、血管外肺水(管外肺水(EVLW)、血管通透性指数(血管通透性指数(PVPI)PiCCO (pulse indicator continous cardiac output).35PiCCO CI 4.4L/min/m2 CFI 7 SVRI 999DSm2/cm5 (去甲肾上腺素维持)EVLWI 40.4 ml/kg ITBVI 787ml/m2 GEDVI 630ml/m2 PVPI 8.6 诊断与超声一致 血流动力学评估:血管内容量不足、肺水明显增高 措施?.36
23、血流动力学监测事实 任何一种监测装置,无论简单还是复杂、有创或无创的、精确的和不精确的都不能改善病情的结局 除非同时进行能够改善病情结局的治疗Pinsky&Payen.Pinsky&Payen.Functional Hemodynamic MonitoringFunctional Hemodynamic Monitoring,Springer,Springer,20042004.37生理学上的真理 不存在“正常心输出量”这个说法 心输出量存在下列两种情况 足够满足代谢的需要足够满足代谢的需要 不足以满足代谢的需要不足以满足代谢的需要 仅仅对于心输出量的最低水平低于可能使一些组织低灌注的水平时有绝对的价值.38血流动力学监测如何优化?不同监测有不同的监测重点 没有一个监测手段是全能的 了解每个监测手段的限制 只有能指导治疗的监测手段才能改善病情!.39血流动力学治疗:如何优化?治疗的目标导向 治疗的方法选择 治疗的强度 治疗的可控性.40机械通气:对血流动力学治疗的作用机械通气:对血流动力学治疗的作用.41血流动力学治疗的流程:目标与目的血流动力学治疗的流程:目标与目的基础监测组织氧合微循环最佳前负荷容量反应性心输出量心肌收缩力心功能最佳后负荷最佳灌注压起点终点.42谢谢!谢谢!