1、英语国家概况英语国家概况 李更春,博士讲师 2015.31Module One：Unit 4 CustomsAt the end of this unit,you willLearning objectives1.have a better understanding of the features and organizational patterns of process analysis in paragraph writing;2.become familiar with the relevant linking devices in process analysis;and 3.be
2、 able to write paragraphs of process analysis according to the instructions given.2PART 1 Warm-up Activities3Write about what dishes you would like to cook when you are given the chance to show off to your family,and how you are going to do it.Try to answer the following questions before you write:P
3、ART 1 Warm-up Activities Are there any preparations?4 What are the steps involved in doing it?What is the result of your effort?PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesMaking dumplings:Step 1:Buy meat,vegetables,flour or dumpling wrappers.Step 2:Clean the meat and vegetables and cut them into pieces.5Step 3:Combin
4、e all these into a mixture with some condiments(调味品，佐料调味品，佐料).Step 4:Roll out dumpling wrappers;if the wrappers are bought,just wrap the mixed meat and vegetable into dumplings one after another.Step 5:Cook the dumplings in boiling water before eating them.PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesHow to make sweet
5、and sour spare ribs(糖醋排骨糖醋排骨):Step 1:-Fill a wok(炒锅炒锅)with half-full of water and turn on the heat.Slowly add the spare rib sections,and cover them.-Once the water is boiling,add in the cooking wine(料酒料酒).Boil for 15-20 minutes until the spare rib sections are 70%cooked.-Remove them to a colander(滤锅
6、，漏勺滤锅，漏勺),and place in a small basin.Add the salt,white vinegar and wheat flour(全麦面粉全麦面粉).Crack the egg into it and stir well with chopsticks.Let it marinate(腌泡腌泡)for 10-15 minutes.6PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesHow to make sweet and sour spare ribs(糖醋排骨糖醋排骨):Step 2:In another bowl or small basin combine
7、 the white sugar,white vinegar,cooking wine,soy sauce(酱油酱油),and cornstarch(玉米淀粉玉米淀粉).Stir well.7PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesHow to make sweet and sour spare ribs(糖醋排骨糖醋排骨):Step 3:Place a wok over high heat until hot.Add some cooking oil,-and add in the processed(处理过的处理过的)spare ribs one by one with chop
8、sticks.-When they look yellowish-white,turn off the fire and remove them to a a colander quickly.-Remove the broken bits,and add the fried spare ribs back in to be fired again when the temperature of the oil in the wok is heated back up to 70 centigrade.-Fry the spare ribs well until they turn golde
9、n.-Then,remove them from the wok.8PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesHow to make sweet and sour spare ribs(糖醋排骨糖醋排骨):Step 4:Leave some cooking oil in the wok,swirling to coat the sides.-Add in the green onion(大葱大葱)sections and prepared seasoning sauce(调味酱调味酱)from step 2,and stir-fry(用旺火炒用旺火炒)over high heat fo
10、r about 20 seconds.-Then,add in the fried spare ribs and fry and stew(炖煮炖煮)for 2-3 minutes over high heat-until the seasoning sauce coats the outside skin of the fried spare ribs.9PART 1 Warm-up ActivitiesHow to make sweet and sour spare ribs(糖醋排骨糖醋排骨):Step 5:Now,turn off the fire,pick the delicious
11、 sweet and sour spare ribs out of the wok,and serve.A plate of delicious sweet and sour spare ribs is ready for you to enjoy.10Process Analysis Process is a series of steps or actions leading to a specific end.Process analysis is a type of writing that informs how to do something or how something ha
12、ppens step by step so that the reader can perform the process or understand the process more easily.For this reason,process paragraphs are often organized in time order.11Process Analysis Process analysis is one of the common and useful ways in writings like description and narration.Process writing
13、 organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process.For instance,we often need to explain how something is done or what procedures we have to follow in order to complete a process.Such steps or procedures have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively(not randomly)occur.12Process Analy
14、sis The purpose of process description is usually to inform,teach or give ideas to the reader about how something new(or interesting or conventional)happens or in what way it can be completed.13 how the body uses oxygen how a CD player produces sound how people celebrate a holiday or tradition how t
15、o lose weight/stop smoking how to study for an examProcess Analysis There are two types of process analysis.14 Directional process analysis gives step-by-step instructions to help readers carry out a process(how to run a computer program,how to write an outline,for example.)When you encounter a pers
16、on at a party who starts to tell jokes with racial slurs(毁谤;诋毁;侮辱性的言辞),you should take certain steps.First,you should not laugh at the jokes,even though you may embarass that person.Then.Process Analysis 15 Informative process analysis explains a process to help readers understand how something happ
17、ens or how something operates(how ants are produced(繁殖繁殖),how I became a videoholic(录像迷录像迷),for instance.)Last weekend at a party,a man started telling racial jokes.I decided it was time to take a stand(表明立场),and I developed some strategies I intend to use from now on.First,I didnt laugh at this job
18、.Then.Organizational StructureRead the following paragraphs and tell what type of process analysis they belong to.16Supplementary Reading17Supplementary Reading The cloning of Dolly involved several steps.First,cells that had previously been taken from Dollys mother were starved for five days,which
19、caused them to stop dividing.This interruption of the cells division cycle made it easier for them to reprogram themselves to start growing a new organism.After five days,the nuclei of these cells were removed and transferred into an unfertilized sheep egg,from which the natural nucleus had previous
20、ly been removed.In the next step,the egg was grown in the laboratory for a period of time.Then the egg was implanted into a different sheep,where it grew normally.When the sheep finally gave birth,the lamb was an exact genetic copy,or clone,of the sheep that had provided the transferred nuleus,not o
21、f the sheep that had provided the egg.18Organizational StructureRead the following paragraph and answer the questions.19Supplementary Reading British housewives often make chocolate chip cookies(巧克力曲奇)themselves for their afternoon tea.To make such cookies,however,is a quite complicated task.Here is
22、 the recipe(食谱)for such cookies to be made.Several things,like flour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,and chocolate,need to be prepared before the whole process starts.First,two cups of flour and a teaspoon of baking soda(发酵粉)are mixed together with water.Then add a teaspoon of salt before you put together a c
23、up of butter and a cup of sugar in a separate bowl.After this,two eggs can be added to this mixture.Now all the ingredients(烹调的)原料)can be combined into a large bowl,and you slowly mix in a cup of chocolate chips and a cup of nuts.When all this is done,little cookies can be formed from the mixture an
24、d then placed onto a cookie sheet(饼干纸(烘烤用).Finally,bake the stuff for 8 minutes at 375 degrees Fahrenheit.20Organizational StructureQuestions:1.What is the topic of the paragraph?2.What are the characteristics of this paragraph?21Organizational StructureQuestions:1.What is the topic of the paragraph
25、?This paragraph offers a recipe for making chocolate chip cookies.222.What are the characteristics of this paragraph?The paragraph is characteristic of process description.It informs us of a series of steps British housewives usually take in preparing cookies.These steps involve preparations,specifi
26、c steps,and the final result of chocolate chip cookies making.All these steps are described according to the actual order of doing the work.Organizational StructureNow,complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1.23Step 1(preparation):Get ready flour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,and chocolate.Step
27、 2:Mix flour and baking soda together with water.Step 3:Add salt and put butter and sugar together in a separate bowl.Step 5:Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredients.Step 6:Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet.Step 7:Bake all these pieces fo
28、r 8 minutes at 375 degrees Fahrenheit.Step 8(result):Here are the chocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea.Organizational StructureOrganizational StructureNow,can you summarize the pattern of process description in Sample 1?25Organizational StructureThe sample paragraph explains o
29、r describes the successive(连续的连续的)steps of making chocolate chip cookies for afternoon tea in Britain.26This pattern of organization is called process analysis.In this pattern,you may illustrate the process of doing something in detail from beginning to end.And the description of these details has t
30、o follow the order of the actual steps.Organizational Structure Bullfights in Spain appeal to(对对有吸引力有吸引力)many people with an exciting atmosphere.Along with the music of the brass band(铜管乐队（由铜管乐器和打击乐器组成）铜管乐队（由铜管乐器和打击乐器组成）),the magnificently dressed performers are seen walking across the ring(又作又作bull
31、ring,斗牛场斗牛场)at the beginning of the spectacle(壮观的场面壮观的场面).Now everyone eagerly looks towards the small wooden door in the ringside(场边场边),waiting for it to be opened and for the first powerful bull to run into the arena.27Organizational StructureThen,when the action starts,different performers do the
32、ir tasks with mastery(熟练熟练)and skill.The assistant bullfighters swirl(旋转旋转,打旋打旋)their pink and yellow capes(披肩披肩);the horseriders cut the muscles on the bulls necks with points of their long lances(长矛长矛,标标枪枪)while the bulls attack their blindfolded(蒙住眼睛蒙住眼睛的的)horses;and those ready to throw pairs of
33、 decorated spiked(装有尖钉的装有尖钉的)sticks into the necks of the bulls let the bulls charge at them and then nimbly(敏捷的敏捷的;灵活的灵活的)jump out of the way at the last second.28Organizational StructureAbove all,it is compelling(扣人心弦的扣人心弦的)to watch the final bullfighter kill each bull as artistically and as clean
34、ly as possible.The graceful(优雅的优雅的)movements that the bullfighter makes as he swirls his scarlet(深红的深红的;鲜红色鲜红色的的)cape and twists his body out of the way of the bulls sharp horns are accompanied by gasps of wonder from the crowd.Then comes the moment of truth,when the bullfighter must plunge his shor
35、t sword with its curved tip between the shoulder blades(肩胛肩胛)of the exhausted bull,and pierce its heart.29Organizational StructureIf he has fought bravely and made a good,clean kill,the bullfighter receives tumultuous(欢腾的欢腾的;喧闹的喧闹的)applause from the delighted crowd,and flowers and personal belonging
36、s are showered upon him as he walks around the ring.He may also be awarded with one or both of the bulls ears in recognition of his good performance.If,on the other hand,he has made a mess of things,the crowd whistles and shouts abuse(辱辱骂骂;恶语恶语),and cushions and other things are hurled into the aren
37、a.30Organizational StructureFinally the dead bull is dragged out of the ring by a team of mules with jingling bells,the sand is cleaned up and smoothed by attendants in overalls(（吊带）工装（吊带）工装裤裤),and the stage is set for the next fight.31Organizational StructureQuestions:1.What is discussed in this pa
38、ssage?2.And how many steps are described in the passage?32Organizational StructureQuestions:1.What is discussed in this passage?This passage tells us about the famous bullfight in Spain.332.And how many steps are described in the passage?There are 5 main procedures covered:the performers walking acr
39、oss the ring at the beginning;different performances with mastery and skill;the killing of the bull;the applause or abuse;and the cleaning up of the ring.Organizational StructureNow,discuss in groups the organization of the passage and then fill in the table below.34Step 1:Performers are seen walkin
40、g across the ring along with the music.Step 2:Various performances start(e.g.by the assistant bullfighters,the horse-riders,those who throw sticks,and the final bullfighter).Step 3:The fighting bulls finally get killed.Step 4:The bullfighter receives applause and awards,or abuse,cushions and other t
41、hings.Step 5:The ring is cleaned up.Organizational StructureOrganizational StructureNow,can you summarize the pattern of process description in Sample 2?36Organizational StructureOn the whole,Sample 2 follows a similar pattern of organization to Sample 1 in the way it describes the process from begi
42、nning to end.37In such a pattern,the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph(s)by the steps as they actually happen.Within this framework,transitional devices are often used to ensure a smooth flow from one step to the next.However,Sample 2 is not as completely a description of a process as
43、Sample 1 in that sentences of explanation or classification are added here and there to further clarify the procedure.Linking DevicesRead the following two paragraphs and answer the questions.38Passage A Christmas is drawing near,and I prepare buying cards.Money is the question for a high school stu
44、dent like me.Counting the money in my pocket,I ask myself the same question again and again:“How many cards can I buy and shall I buy?”And I start hunting from shop to shop.Faced with a great number of colorful cards,I feel puzzled by questions:“Which cards shall I buy?”“Will he or she like the card
45、?”and“Is the card suitable for him or her?”Its often hard work both to make myself satisfied and to please my friends.When I decide on something,however,it should be neither too expensive nor too bad.My money and time go away with the coming of Christmas.Cards do help to express my warm wishes and t
46、ruthful blessings to all my friends.39Passage B Whenever Christmas is drawing near,I begin to prepare buying cards.Money is the first question for a high school student like me.Counting the money in my pocket,I ask myself the same question again and again:“How many cards can I buy and shall I buy?”A
47、nd then I start hunting from shop to shop.Faced with a great number of colorful cards,I feel puzzled by some other questions:“Which cards shall I buy?”“Will he or she like the card?”and“Is the card suitable for him or her?”Its often hard work both to make myself satisfied and to please my friends.Wh
48、en I decide on something finally,however,it should be neither too expensive nor too bad.In this way,my money and time go away with the coming of Christmas,but anyhow,cards do help to express my warm wishes and truthful blessings to all my friends.40Linking DevicesQuestions:1.What topics do the parag
49、raphs mainly deal with?2.Which paragraph is easier to understand?41Linking DevicesQuestions:1.What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with?Both paragraphs deal with the same topic:buying Christmas cards.422.Which paragraph is easier to understand?Paragraph B is easier to understand.Linking Devices
50、Questions:3.What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand?4.What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B?43Linking DevicesQuestions:3.What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand?It has certain words and phrases that help clarify the relationship between ste
