1、Obstetrics and Gynecology The physiology of female reproductive system,赵晓东 MD 主任医师 北京医科大学研究生导师,The physiology of female reproductive system,1.女性性发育(Stage of female sexual development ) 2.卵巢功能(Ovarian function ) 3.性激素的结构与功能(The structure and function of steroid hormone),女性性发育,新生儿期(Neonatal period ) 儿
2、童期(Childhood) 青春期(Puberty , adolescence) 性成熟期(Sexual maturity ) 围绝经期(Peri-menopause ) 老年期(Senility ),Stage of female sexual development,Neonatal period: 4 weeks after birth, vaginal spotting Childhood: 4 weeksmenarche (10 year-old or so), limited ovarian function Puberty ( adolescence) : menarchereg
3、ular menstruation (18 year-old or so), GnRH increase,Stage of female sexual development,Sexual maturity: 18menopause (51 year-old or so), regular menstruation and capacity of pregnancy Peri-menopause (climateric period) : 4060 year-old, premenopause, menopause, postmenopause (5 years), HT(hormone th
4、erapy) Senility: 60,卵巢功能(Ovarian function),卵子的发育(Embryology) 卵泡的发育(Development-follicle ) 性激素的合成(Steroid hormone biosynthesis),Ovarian function,卵子的发育(Embryology): 1.孕5周开始,生殖脊(gonadal ridges),卵圆细胞(oogonium),有丝分裂(mitosis),到孕6周约有60万个oogonium 2.孕11到12周,部分oogonium开始减数分裂(meiotic division),并停留在双线期(Diploten
5、e phase ),称为初级卵母细胞(primary oocyte),前颗粒细胞围绕primary oocyte形成始基卵泡(primordial follicle) 3.孕16-20周,生殖细胞数目达到高峰,共形成600-700万个生殖细胞,其中1/3为oogonuim,2/3为primary oocytes 4.之后,卵泡不断闭锁,到出生时仅剩下200万个 5.儿童期进一步闭锁,到青春期仅剩下约30万个 6.生育期,每个月发育一批卵泡(3-11个),一般仅有1个优势卵泡可完全成熟,排出卵子,女性一生中一般仅有400-500个卵子排出 7.排卵(ovulation)前的LH峰刺激完成第一次减
6、数分裂,形成次级卵母细胞(secondary oocyte),受精时( fertilization)完成第二次减数分裂,形成成熟卵子(mature oocyte),Ovarian function,卵泡的发育(Development-follicle): 1. 始基卵泡(primordial follicles) 2.窦前卵泡(preantral follicles):初级卵泡(primary follicles),单层成熟颗粒细胞,次级卵泡( secondary follicles), 多层成熟颗粒细胞 3.窦状卵泡(antral follicles):出现卵泡腔,从外向内的结构包括,卵泡外
7、膜(theca externa)、卵泡内膜(theca interna)、基底膜(basement membrance)、颗粒细胞(granulosa cells)、卵泡腔(antrum)、放射冠(cumulus oophorus)、透明带(zona pellucida)、卵子(ooccyte) 4.优势卵泡(dominant follicle)和闭锁卵泡(atretic follicles): 5.排卵前卵泡(preovulatory follicle): 排卵(ovulation): 6.黄体(corpus luteum)与白体(corpus albicans):,Ovarian func
8、tion,性激素的合成(Steroid hormone biosynthesis): Steroidogenesis (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone) Two-cell system:卵泡膜细胞合成雄烯二酮和睾酮,进一步在颗粒细胞的芳香化酶(aromatase)作用下合成雌激素,性激素合成的周期性,Cyclic change of steroid hormonesHPO axis: add-back effect of steroid hormones: 1.FSH的始动作用,颗粒细胞发育,E合成不断增加,虽然有负反馈抑制FSH的作用,但是,颗粒细
9、胞的FSH受体在E作用下不断增加,使得E合成不断增加,到20pg/ml以上时,正反馈刺激LH峰,排卵 2.排卵后,各种激素下降,颗粒、泡膜细胞在少量LH、FSH作用下形成黄体,合成P、E增加,负反馈抑制LH、FSH,黄体萎缩,P、E合成减少,月经 3.E、P减少,负反馈作用减少,FSH开始分泌增加,开始下一个周期,性激素的作用,子宫内膜的周期性改变月经周期(Cyclic change of endometriummenstruation ) 月经周期的临床表现(Clinical presentation of menstruation) 性激素的其他作用(Other action of ste
10、roid hormones ),Steroid hormone,Cyclic change of endometriummenstruation: 增殖期(proliferative phase):月经周期的第5-14天,mitoses, ciliated or microvillous cells, 0.5-5 mm, 分泌期(secretory phase):月经周期的第15-28天,sub- and supranuclear glycogen vacuoles, stroma edema, spiral vessel densely coiled, 10 mm, 月经期(menses):
11、月经周期的第1-4天, vasculature, Lysosome, PGs,Steroid hormone,Clinical presentation of menstruation: menarche (10-18 year-old), 5-7 years of increasing regularity, in the 40s irregular again, menstruation cycle interval (24-35 days), duration of menstruation (2-8 days), amount of menses (30-80 ml),Steroid
12、hormone,Other action of steroid hormones: uterine myomium, cervix, vagina, fallopian tube, breast, metabolism (fluidelectroniccholesterolbone), temprature, hair,性激素作用的分子机制,性激素受体的结构(Molecular structure of steroid hormone receptor) 性激素作用的分子机制(Molecular mechanism of action for steroid hormones),Steroid
13、 hormone,Molecular structure of steroid hormone receptor:,Steroid hormone,Molecular mechanism of action for steroid hormones:,Menstruation problem,经前期综合症(Premenstrual syndrome) 痛经(Dysmenorrhea) 功血(Dysfunctional uterine bleeding) 闭经(Amenorrhea) 围绝经期综合症(Perimenopausal syndrome):HRT or HT 多囊卵巢综合症(PCO) 高泌乳素血症(hyperprolactinemia) 不孕(Infertility):ART,