1、Non-defining attributive clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.The power of the Yangtze River,which is the worlds third longest river,has been harnessed by the Three Gorges Dam.世界第三大长河世界第三大长河长江的能量已经被长江的能量已经被三峡大坝转化为了动力。三峡大坝转化为了动力。Read and translate the sentences.2.The Three Gorges Dam,which is the biggest constru
2、ction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal,has been built to control flooding and provide hydro-electric power for the central region of China.继长城和大运河之后继长城和大运河之后,最大的建筑工最大的建筑工程程 三峡大坝被建造以控制洪灾并为三峡大坝被建造以控制洪灾并为华中地区提供电力。华中地区提供电力。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种
3、。制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟先行词紧跟先行词,与先行词与先行词之间一般不加逗号之间一般不加逗号;非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用与主句之间通常用逗号分开逗号分开,是先行词的附加说明，去掉了是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思也不会影响主句的意思。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等，作定语从等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、定语。关系副词有句的主语、宾语、定语。关系副词有when,where等，作定语从句的状语。关等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不系代
4、词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。能省。1.Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less,which are quite popular among young women here.2.My mother,whom you met last year,keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.3.Then the doctor found someone in your country,whose name is Li Dong,was an exact match f
5、or me.4.Its the same in Chinamany people,some of whom are not overweight at all,are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills,which are often dangerous.Differences between the Attributive Clauses and Non-defining Attributive Clauses.Look at the following sentences and tell the differences bet
6、ween them.1.His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.他在在北京工作的父亲昨天回来了。他在在北京工作的父亲昨天回来了。2.Shanghai,which is in East China,is developing quickly.中国东部的上海正迅速发展着。中国东部的上海正迅速发展着。Conclusion 1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.I have a sister
7、who/that works in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）（不只一位姐姐）2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐我有一位姐姐,她在医院工作。她在医院工作。（只有一们姐姐）（只有一们姐姐）3.The magazines here which/that have nice pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他编写的编写的。4.The magazines here,which hav
8、e nice pictures in them,were written by him.所有的杂志都是他所有的杂志都是他编写的编写的,里面都有漂里面都有漂亮的图画。亮的图画。Conclusion 21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去如果去掉它掉它,主句意思往往不明确。主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。的意思。1.This is the house(which/that)we bought last
9、 month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这房子很漂亮这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。是我们上个月买的。3.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没领会我的意思他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。这使我心烦。Conclusion 31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关关系副词来引导系副词来引导,关系代词作宾语时可关系代词作宾语时可以省略。以
10、省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句又可修饰整个主句,不可用不可用that引导引导且关系代词不可以省略。且关系代词不可以省略。1.The famous basketball star,_ comes from America,will visit our school soon.2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho4.Xi
11、an,_ I visited last year,is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July,_ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_ I once studied,was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true.8._ we all know,he is good at English.Aswhich1.as 和和which在引导非限制
12、性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时时,as和和which可代替整个主句可代替整个主句,相当于相当于and this或或and that。这两个关系代词。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句的引导非限制性定语从句的 不同之处在于不同之处在于:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首引导的定语从句可置于句首,而而 which引导的定语从句不可放在句引导的定语从句不可放在句 首。首。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作 主语时主
13、语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词若从句中的谓语为行为动词,则从句则从句 中的关系代词只能用中的关系代词只能用which。另外。另外,as 引导非限制性从句引导非限制性从句,常带有常带有“正如正如”的的 意思。意思。1.Alice received an invitation from her boss,_ came as a surprise.2.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.3._ is expected,the England te
14、am won the football match.AswhichwhichI.Fill in the blanks.4.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.5._ we can see,the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAs1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.
15、what D.whichII.Choose the best answers.2.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that3.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.A.when B.which C.what D.that4.The British are no
16、t so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_ is often the case in other countries.A.it B.that C.as D.so5.Mr.Smith will move into his new house next Sunday,_ it will be completely finished.A.by the time B.on that time C.on which D.by which time6.Have you seen the film“Titani
17、c”,_ leading actor is world-famous?A.its B.its C.whose D.which7.Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter?Yes,just across the street.A.here B which C.where D.it1.This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.This is the very one of the most inter
18、esting films _ shown last week.A.which was B.that was C.which were D.that wereBDIII.Compare and choose the best answers.2.He has two sons,_ are college students.He has two sons,and _ are college students.A.both of which B.both of whomC.both of them D.both of itCB 3.He still lives in the room _ windo
19、w faces to the east.He still lives in the room,the window _ faces to the east.DB He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table.A.which B.whose C.where D.of whichCA4._ we all know,China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known tha
20、t China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known,China is rich in natural resources.A.Which B.As C.It D.ThatBCB5.Is this museum _ he visited last month?The teacher tells us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A.that B.the one C.which D.the one whoBDContraction of attributive clauses定语从
21、句的缩略形式定语从句的缩略形式 有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句 意不受影响。我们称这一语法现象为意不受影响。我们称这一语法现象为 定语从句的缩略。定语从句的缩略。有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的 关系代词关系代词(who,which,that)和部分和部分 谓语谓语(am,is,are,were)等，从而使之等，从而使之 缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短 语作后置定语。语作后
22、置定语。e.g.1)I know the men(who are)sitting in that car.2)The boys helped the people(that were)hurt in the accident.3)The problem(which is)bothering everybody is the lack of money.4)The book(that has been)given to him is an English novel.有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句
23、一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。征。e.g.The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.Bill,who had taken chemistry in high school,offered to help him.Bill,having taken chemistry in high school,offe
24、red to help him.Read the sentences and answer the questions.a I met a man my grandfather worked with thirty years ago.b I met a man who my grandfather worked with thirty years ago.c I wanted to visit the house that my grandparents lived in.d The bus which I took back to my birth place was full of vi
25、sitors from other parts of China.1 Do the first two sentences mean the same thing?Yes,they do.2 In the first two sentences,who is the subject of the verb work the man or the grandfather?The grandfather.3 Can the words that and which be removed from the third and fourth sentences without changing the
26、 meaning?Yes,they can.Cross out the relative pronouns where possible.1.They come from a village that was submerged in the reservoir.cant remove“that”2.There are many people who prefer to live in villages.cant remove“who”3.The dam that we saw in the film wasnt the Three Gorges Dam.cant remove“that”4.
27、Ive got a book that has lots of information about Zigui County.cant remove“that”5.The students that I met near the reservoir were from Vietnam.cant remove“that”6.I received an email from my cousin who lives near the Three Gorges Dam.cant remove“who”Make each pair of sentences into one sentence.Examp
28、le:The mountain is the highest in the region.We climbed it.The mountain we climbed is the highest in the region.1.The dam provides a large amount of power.They built it on the river.The dam(which/that)they built on the river provides a large amount of power.2.The power station was very modern.We vis
29、ited it.The power station(which/that)we visited was very modern.3.The village is near the lake.My grandparents used to live in it.The village(which/that)my grandparents used to live in is near the lake.4.The boat went from Wuhan to Zigui.I took it.The boat(which/that)I took went from Wuhan to Zigui.
30、1.Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,_ it will keep for two or three weeks.A.when B.which C.where D.while2.Julia was good at German,French and Russian,all of _ she spoke fluently.A.who B.whom C.which D.that CC3.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _ are built close to
31、 each other.A.they B.where C.what D.that4.That evening,_ I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.A.that B.which C.what D.whenD B 5.After the flooding,people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water,medicine and shelter to survive.A.which B.who C.where D.whatB6.
32、I wish to thank Professor Smith,without _ help I would never have got this far.A.who B.whose C.whom D.whichB 7.We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A.why B.when C.to whom D.on whichB 8.Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the ne
33、ar future.A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from whichC 9.Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.A.which B.that C.when D.whereD 10.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A.which B.where C.who D.thatB 1.Remember the rules of Grammar.2.Finish the exercises in the workbook.
