1、English Academic WritingChapter 5:Writing Style English Academic WritingvLead in:(1)What is citation?How many kinds of citation are there and which kind do you prefer?v(2)What do you usually do with in-text citation?(3)What is plagiarism?How to avoid it?(4)In pairs or groups,please discuss the detai
2、ls of references based on your experience?(5)What are the characteristics of language in academic paper?(6)what are the common style guides that you are familiar with?Chapter Five:Writing Style Part One:Citation vs.Plagiarism Part Two:References Part Three:Language StyleChapter FivePart One:Citation
3、 vs.Plagiarismv1.Introduction Definition:v Citation is the act of identifying sources.A citation names the author and work and provides sufficient bibliographic information to allow the reader to track down the original source.v Two types of citation:v (1)Citation as note/reference,(2)Citation as ma
4、terial quoted.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism2.Guidelines for Citing the Ideas of OthersCite only the most appropriate and the latest literature.Cite the published literature.Provide citations for direct quotations and paraphrases,for ideas,and data taken from an original source.Accuracy
5、 in citation must be guaranteed.Citation format must be standardized.Be tentative in citation rather than being too assertive.Do not cite more than is necessary.Dont put a“catch-all”citation at the end of a paragraph.Cite as you use.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv3.In-Text Citationv Thr
6、ee ways of in-text citation:Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.v E.g.v 1.The Internet is a useful research tool(Kwok,2018).2.Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983).3.Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Jones et al.,1985).Chapter Fiv
7、ePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.v E.g.v Kwok(2018)states that the Internet is a useful research tool.v v Lim(2018)states that that the Internet
8、 is a useful research tool.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study,you can omit the parentheses by saying that:v E.g.v As early as 2018,Kowk found that the Internet is a useful tool.Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the
9、 text in order to save space.E.g.Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv4.Footnotes Definition:Footnotes,also called“bottom notes”or“end-of-the-page notes”,mark its use by adding a number in
10、upper case to the upper right corner of the words or sentences to be noted,and then put the note in the bottom of the page.E.g._22 Note,this is different from the reference scenario referred to throughout this paper,in that it includes the impact on demand of prices generated by the ERIS model.23 An
11、d around 86%of cumulative alcohol consumption in transport.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv5.Endnotes Definition:Endnotes are put at the end of the article.Endnotes help readers understand and retrieve relevant documentations.It should be noted that the numbers of the endnotes must be co
12、nsistent with the sequence in the article.v E.g.v Notes1.Leonard Shatzkin,In Cold Type:Overcoming the Book Crisis(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1982).2.Paul Starr,“The Electronic Reader”,in Reading in the 1980s,ed.Stephen Braubard(New York:Bowker,1983),149.3.Shatzkin,79.4.Starr,149.Chapter FivePart One:Ci
13、tation vs.Plagiarismv6.Plagiarism (1)Definition:v Plagiarism is the act of using someone elses ideas or words either in spoken or written form without giving that person credit.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism (2)Content:Quoting material without attribution.Passing off anothers idea as yo
14、ur own,even if it has been reworded.Imitating a passages structure or argument without attribution.Concealing the extent to which borrowing from a text or other source has occurred.Chapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism (3)Methods to avoid plagiarism:l Summarize what you have read immediately a
15、fter you have read it and without referring back to the source in order to avoid copying directly from the source.l When copying directly from the source or even paraphrase what you have read,be sure to note the page number from which it comes.l In writing,provide clear references to the sources quo
16、ted.l Document all the sources quoted in the References section.v go to mainChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv1.Introduction go to main There are many style guides for academic writing,but the most widely used ones are APA,CMS and MLA.Name Definition Usage APAAmerican Psychological Association Guideli
17、nes and rules for proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the American Psychological Association (APA).Often used in social science works.CMSChicago Manual of Style Guidelines and rules on proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from either the Chicago Manu
18、al of Style or Kate L.MLAModern Language Association Guidelines and rules for proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the MLA.Often used in works on the liberal arts and humanities.Chapter FivePart Two:Referencesv2.What Style Guide to Use?v l Anthropology:American Anthropolog
19、ical Associations Style Guidev Online:http:/www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.htmv l Biology(also natural sciences):Council of Biology Editors Style Manualv Online:http:/www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocCBE.htmlv l Chemistry:American Chemical Society(ACS)Style Guidev Online:http:/iws.ohiolink.edu/chem
20、istry/info/acs.htmlv l Economics:Turabian(a simplified Chicago style)v Online:http:/www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocChicago.htmlv l English:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papersv Online:http:/www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocMLA.htmlv.Chapter FivePart Two:Referencesv3.Content of Reference
21、sv(1)Authorv(2)Title and versionv(3)Source typev(4)Publication detailsv(5)Source of documentChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv4.References Systemsv(1)Sequential systemv(2)Author-Year systemSequential System arranges the references in chronological order according to the order of the references in the
22、paper.Author-Year System arranges the reference according to the alphabetical order of the authors last name.Chapter FivePart Two:ReferencesvActivity 1:v Analyze the references of a linguistic journal and try to determine its characteristics.v参考文献 vAlreck,P.L.&R.B.Settle.1985 The Survey Research Han
23、dbook M.Homewood,Illinois:Richard D.Irwin,Inc.vDewey,J.1933.How We Think M.New York:D.C.Health.vDewey,J.1938/1963.Experience and Education M.New York:Macmillan.Freeman,D.2002.The hidden side of the work:Teacher knowledge and learning to teach J .Language Teaching 35:1213.vFreeman,R.&J.C.Richards(eds
24、.).1996.Teacher Learning in Language Teaching v C .Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.vFreeman,D.&K.Johnson.1998.Reconceptualizing the knowledge base ofv language teacher education J .T ESOL Quarterly 32:3972417.vKaufman,D.2004.Constructivist issues in languagev learning and teaching
25、 J .Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24:303-319.v Chapter FivePart Two:ReferencesvKey:v Family name with initials comes first,given name follows;v Journal article title is listed;v Journal name and book name are in italics,v When there are a number of authors,list them all.v.Chapter FivePart Two
26、:Referencesv5.APA References Definition:v The APA style guide prescribes that the Reference section,bibliographies and other lists of names should be indicated by last names first and mandates inclusion of first name prefixes.vE.g.v “Martin de Rijke”should be sorted as“De Rijke,M.”.“Saif Al Falasi”s
27、hould be sorted as“Al-Falasi,S.”.Print Sources Electronic Sources Rules1.direct readers specifically to the source material using URLs which work,2.include the access date,3.include all other relevant APA style details for the source.Chapter FivePart Two:Referencesv6.ACS Style Definition:v The ACS s
28、tyle,a standard method of citation in academic publications,originated with the American Chemical Society(ACS).The Bibliography section of the ACS style appears at the end of the paper in alphabetical order if cited by author and date or in numerical order if cited by numbers.Book Book or Encycloped
29、ia Chapter Internet Site Journal Newspaper.Chapter FivePart Two:Referencesv7.Cautionsv l All sources cited in the text must be documented in the References section.vl No other reference is listed in the References section unless it was cited in the text.vl Write as much information as necessary for
30、the reference.vl Adapt the method of documentation to new needs.v go to mainChapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev1.Introductionv Academic assignments usually follow a particular style;here are some commonly observed features:Tentative Formal Objective Concise VariedChapter FivePart Three:Language S
31、tylev2.Tentativenessv(1)Avoid over-generalizations such as“always”and “every”,replace them with“often”and “many/much”.v(2)Use linguistic“hedges”(e.g.probably,seems,might be)to qualify generalizations.v(3)Use tentative words or phrases such as“tends to”,“indicates that”,“suggests that”.v(4)Limit your
32、 claimsbe realistic.Chapter FivePart Three:Language StylevActivity 2:v Rewrite the following sentences in more tentative English:Recent research proves that all people prefer email to traditional letter-writing as a mode of communication(Mahlab,1994).This always occurs whenever there is a downturn i
33、n commodity prices.Every learner internalizes new language better if given a clear context.The governments drunk-driving campaign has led to a decrease in the number of road deaths.International students are always quiet in tutorials.Chapter FivePart Three:Language Style Key:v Recent research sugges
34、ts that a majority of people prefer email to traditional letter-writing as a mode of communication(Mahlab,1994).v This tends to occur whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices.v Learners tend to internalize new language better if given a clear context.v The governments drunk-driving campaign
35、may have led to a decrease in the number ofvroad deaths.v Many(though not all)international students tend to be among the quieter participants in tutorials.Chapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev 3.FormalityAvoid slang and too-casual language,e.g.“cool”or“pretty awful”.Use full forms of words rather
36、than abbreviations,e.g.,“does not,should have,it is”rather than“doesnt,shouldve,its”.Avoid phrasal verbs,e.g.“look into”,preferring single polysyllabic verbs,e.g.“investigate”.Use powerful reporting words:“support,claim,suggest,recommend,and contradict”.Makes less use of coordination and greater use
37、 of subordination.Avoid informal punctuation such as contractions and dashes;colons and semi-colons feature commonly in academic style.Use complex rather than simple sentences,and long rather then short paragraphs.Avoid the use of rhetorical questions.Chapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev4.Objectiv
38、ity Use referencing to indicate sources.Use impersonal expressions and the passive voice,e.g.it can be concluded that.,it has been claimed that.Use third person pronouns,avoid the first person“I,we”or second person“you”.Avoid sexist and biased language,for example,using“old persons”instead of“elderl
39、y”.Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations.Chapter FivePart Three:Language StylevActivity 3:Rewrite the following sentences in more objective English:I think that smoking in public should be banned.I think objectivity on television is nothing more than an ideal.I found that the v
40、ocabulary choice played a role in determining which topics speakers take up.Chapter FivePart Three:Language StylevKey:There is a case for stricter government control on smoking in public.Objectivity in television broadcasting is nothing more than an ideal.Vocabulary choice evidently plays a role in
41、determining which topics are taken up by speakers.Chapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev5.Conciseness Be precise and specific.Try to use the most straightforward term and reduce unnecessary words.No clichs,redundant words or colloquialisms.Use the specific terminology of your subject or discipline.B
42、ecome a ruthless editor,cutting out as much dead-wood as possible.E.g.Wordy (or redundant)Concisein recent yearsrecentlywith a high degree of certaintycertainin close proximity(to)close (to)is capable ofcanChapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev6.Variety Use a variety of words.Avoid repetition of the
43、 same words.If certain word must be repeated,reference words,synonyms or different forms of the word can be used to refer to it without repeating.Use a variety of logical connectors.Avoid the overuse or misuse of certain logical connectors,especially“besides”,“furthermore”and “moreover”.Use a variety of sentence structures.Avoid the overuse of certain favorite structure.Chapter Five:Writing Style vHomework:Write a short passage in a more academic style in accordance with the following topic:v Smoking should be bannedChapter Five:Writing Style Thank you
