1、The reasons for the formation of gender differencesPhysiological Social Theory(Moni)Theory of cognitive development and theory of gender schema(Kohlberg)Social learning theory 一、一、Physiological and social theory Moni and others put forward the theory of biological society stressed that the physical
2、development before birth and this physiological factors have a decisive significance on the gender of children.1、Gender differences in the biological process 2、Biological differences and gender identity 3、Biological roots of psychological differences between the sexesPhysiological and social theory1
3、.Gender differences in the biological process Divided into several steps:the genetic determinant of conception;the role of the gonad during embryonic development;Through the blood sex hormones to the male and female reproductive system,external reproductive system and brain differentiation.(1)Gender
4、 genetic decision(2)gonads and sex hormones(3)sex hormones and brain differentiation (1)a sense of gender identity is the core of gender formation and the key.(2)social environment and bringing up decisive about gender identity must meet certain conditions:gender must be earlier confirmed in childre
5、ns lives(18 months to age 3)parents on childrens gender confirmed delay and ambiguity will result in sex differentiation of imperfect (3)gender once identify will be difficult to change.Women seem to be more likely to the formation of gender identity smoothly.2.Biological differences and gender iden
6、tity(1)Psychology and heredity:biological sex by a pair of sex chromosomes,men and women similar to far more than differences.(2)Psychology and sex hormones have an important effect on the psychological behavior of both sexesAggressive behavior directly is affected by male hormone level Female sex h
7、ormones are cyclical 3、Biological roots of psychological differences between the sexes 二、二、Social learning theory Children observe by direct or indirect,forming the initial preference for sex-type toys and activities.Observe learning and example(parent,companion)二、二、Social learning theory 1.The Infl
8、uence of Parents on the Formation of Children s Gender Role2.The Influence of School 2.The Influence of School Education on the Socialization of Education on the Socialization of Gender Sex RoleGender Sex Role3.Partnership and the formation 3.Partnership and the formation of gender rolesof gender ro
9、les1.The Influence of Parents on the Formation of Children s Gender Role1.There is no doubt that teachers have a crucial impact on students forming gender roles.This influence promotes the differentiation of the roles of both sexes from different aspects.2.Many studies have shown that Gender roles i
10、n textbooks clearly reflects the cultural stereotypes of gender roles in society，the story of the textbook depicts different male and female roles.三、三、Theory of cognitive development and theory of gender schema(Kohlberg)Kohlberg argues that the socialization of childrens gender must be based on gend
11、er identity recognition(gaining gender stability and constantness).The results showed that the higher the level of cognition,the more appropriate sex-stereotyped behaviour among children,the more likely it is to be Gender schemata is a cognitive structure,It combines observation,aesthetics,imitation and other gender knowledge together.Gender schema theory emphasizes environmental pressures common shape gender roles and childrens cognitive development.
