1、Lecturer:Peng Xiaoling(彭晓玲)MythologyRomanClassical Greek and3.Final exam:50%participation:40%2.Class10%1.Class attendance:Evaluation:Requirement and Evaluationafter class3.Extensive readingclassparticipation in the2.Activeattendance1.PunctualRequirement:About the Course Course Description Recommende
2、d ReadingCourse DescriptionGreek and Roman mythology one of the three origins of western culturehaving enormous influence upon western literature,arts,astronomy,social lifeTherefore,there is some truth in the saying that without certain knowledge of Greek and Roman mythology,one can never fully unde
3、rstand and appreciate western culture.(eg.literature,arts,character)Significance of the CourseLanguagevchaoticvmartialvPrometheanvunder the aegis ofvJupiter laughs at lovers perjuries.vFar from Jupiter,far from thunder.vWithout Ceres and Bacchus,Venus grows cold.Literaturev Shakespeare(1564-1616)v T
4、roilus and Cressida(tragedy)v Venus and Adonis(poem)Literaturev Shelley(1792-1822)v Prometheus Unboundv Hymn of Apollov Hymn of Panv AdonisvKeatsvEndymionvOde to PsycheJames Joyce Ulysses(Odyssey)B.ONeill Mourning Becomes Electra(Oresteia)LiteratureGeorge Bernard Shaw Pygmalion原型理论(Myth Archetype Th
5、eory)Plato(427-347 BCE)discussed his Forms,postulating that all objects have an ideal form or structure.In particular,he taught that these Forms were pure or perfect objects of mathematical or other conceptual knowledge.He felt that these pure forms existed only in the realm of knowledge and never i
6、n the reality of human everyday existence.Individual things in the realm of appearance are beautiful only insofar as they participate in,correlate with,or approach in structure these universal Forms of Beauty.原型理论(Myth Archetype Theory)Karl Jung(1875-1961)took the concept of Platos Forms further and
7、 presented his own Theory of Archetypes.In Jungian Psychology an Archetype is an unconscious idea,pattern of thought,image,etc.,inherited from the ancestors of the race and universally present in individual psyches.In simpler terms we could basically refer to an archetype as an instinct.That is,in e
8、ssence,an instinctual idea,pattern of thought,image,etc.,inherited from the ancestors of the race and universally present in individual psyches.We now believe that the image of the ideal human face is indeed an Archetype;a subconscious image which we are born with and carry throughout our lives.This
9、 archetype has evolved in order to help us identify members of our own species and further sort members of our species according to their relative health and ability to successfully reproduce and to provide other resources to us and those who are close to us.So they think the structural element of l
10、iterature is myth,and it is myth that forms the archetype symbol of different literature types.1、女性神话原型 前俄林波斯神系 2、男性神话原型 俄林波斯神系3、英雄原型 希腊神话以很大篇幅讲述英雄的故事。形成西方文学史的英雄主题：希腊神话英雄中世纪骑士英雄文艺复兴贵族英雄17世纪古典英雄19世纪前期平民英雄19世纪后期心理实验英雄20世纪现代反英雄4、漂流原型 奥德修斯的故事 开创西方文学的旅程文学传统。奥德赛埃涅阿斯纪中世纪骑士的旅程传奇神曲旅程小说堂吉诃德鲁滨逊漂流记巨人传哈克贝利芬历险记20
11、世纪漫游小说5、寻找原型 伊阿宋寻找金羊毛 古希腊神话寻找金羊毛中世纪骑士传奇寻找圣杯文艺复兴时期巨人传寻找神瓶，流浪汉小说寻找父亲和争取生存权利19世纪俄国文学探求真理，寻找出路，托尔斯泰战争与和平安娜卡列尼娜复活20世纪文学寻找自我和寻找精神理想(美)索尔贝娄 雨王亨德森6、父子冲突原型 俄狄浦斯王杀父娶母 父子冲突原型构成西方文学史的父亲主题，反映父权文化权威与反权威之间的矛盾冲突。古希腊神话子夺父位，杀父娶母莎士比亚哈姆雷特17世纪戏剧嘲笑、讽刺父亲，莫里哀伪君子19世纪嘲笑、仇视父亲，司汤达红与黑，巴尔扎克高老头20世纪文学报复追杀父亲，如法国罗伯-格里耶橡皮7、母子冲突原型 俄瑞斯
12、特斯杀母（阿伽门农的二女儿厄勒克特拉仇恨母亲杀死了父亲，鼓动弟弟俄瑞斯特斯杀死母亲）厄勒克特拉情结 古希腊神话母恨子、子杀母哈姆雷特怨恨母亲20世纪文学的畸形母爱，英国劳伦斯儿子与情人 哈姆雷特母子冲突.asx8、两性冲突原型 美狄亚对丈夫伊阿宋的报复 两性冲突原型形成西方文学史上的弃妇主题和平权主题。古希腊神话两大神系矛盾文艺复兴女性智慧的故事 薄伽丘十日谈18世纪英国笛福摩尔弗兰德斯19世纪傲慢与偏见简爱娜娜安娜卡列尼娜玩偶之家20世纪英国劳伦斯小说 美狄亚复仇.asx神话原型神话原型内容内容性质性质女性神话原型前俄林波斯神话女性在审美层面和现实中的矛盾男性神话原型俄林波斯神话男权文化的统
13、治意识英雄原型半神半人英雄西方人英勇无畏的征服欲望漂流原型奥德修斯漂流旅程冒险传奇寻找原型寻找金羊毛、父亲追求物质与理性父子冲突原型俄狄浦斯王杀父权利冲突母子冲突原型俄瑞斯特斯杀母男女冲突两性冲突原型美狄亚男女不平等二二 希腊神话原型希腊神话原型Saturn:God of agriculture and father of JupiterAstronomyUrsa MajorConstellationUrsa MinorConstellationLyraConstellationHerculesConstellationOrion ConstellationArtsDa Vinci,1506a
14、 16 C.copy after a lost painting by Michelangelo,1530(National Gallery,London)Leda and the Swan ArtsJacopo Carucci Pontormo 1512-13 意大利佛罗伦萨乌斐兹美术馆.jpg大理石雕塑大理石雕塑 希腊古典时期希腊古典时期v Apollo Programv Poseidon Submarinev Trident I&II missileOther AspectsRecommended Readingv希腊罗马神话一百篇希腊罗马神话一百篇（英汉对照）（英汉对照）陶洁等选译，陶
15、洁等选译，中国对外翻译出版公司中国对外翻译出版公司 1989v古希腊神话古希腊神话（英汉对照）（英汉对照）折鸿雁译，折鸿雁译，西北工业大学出版社西北工业大学出版社 1999v希腊罗马神话希腊罗马神话（英文）（英文）常耀信编注，常耀信编注，外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社 1981v古希腊罗马神话古希腊罗马神话（中英文）托马斯中英文）托马斯布尔芬奇著；贾雪译，布尔芬奇著；贾雪译，中国书籍出版社中国书籍出版社 2013v希腊神话中的主神希腊神话中的主神（英文）毛立群，黎凡编著，复旦大英文）毛立群，黎凡编著，复旦大学出版社学出版社 2009v希腊古典神话希腊古典神话（中文）（中文）(德德)古
16、斯塔夫古斯塔夫施瓦布著；施瓦布著；曹乃曹乃云译，云译，译林出版社，译林出版社，1995Introduction to Mythology What is MythologyMythsFairy TalesFables后羿射日黄帝的故事大禹治水Commonplace Definition stories of a particular culture that it believes to be true and that feature a specific religious or belief system a collection of stories belonging to a gr
17、oup of people,which addresses their origin,history and heroes the projection of human images into the infinite unknown;or,the expression of religious meaning through stories and symbols Basic Points Mythology is the primitives childish understanding of the world and life.Mythology is the combination
18、 of primitive life and primitive religion.Mythology is handed down orally from generation to generation.ZeusHeraAthenaApolloArtemisAphroditeAresHephaestusHermesDemeterDionysusPoseidonHadesPersephoneErosJupiterJunoMinerva ApolloDianaVenusMarsVulcanMercuryCeresBacchusNeptunePlutoProserpinaCupid 宙斯宙斯赫拉
19、赫拉雅典娜雅典娜阿波罗阿波罗阿耳特弥斯阿耳特弥斯阿弗洛迪特阿弗洛迪特阿瑞斯阿瑞斯赫菲斯托斯赫菲斯托斯赫尔墨斯赫尔墨斯德墨特耳德墨特耳狄俄尼索斯狄俄尼索斯波塞冬波塞冬哈得斯哈得斯珀耳塞福涅珀耳塞福涅厄洛斯厄洛斯朱庇特朱庇特朱诺朱诺密涅瓦密涅瓦阿波罗阿波罗迪安娜迪安娜维纳斯维纳斯马尔斯马尔斯伏尔甘伏尔甘墨丘利墨丘利克瑞斯克瑞斯巴克斯巴克斯涅普顿涅普顿普路同普路同普洛塞庇娜普洛塞庇娜丘比特丘比特Zeus zju:sHera hirAthena i:nApollo pluArtemis:timisAphrodite.frdaitiAres ri:zHephaestus hifi:stsHermes h
20、:mi:zDemeter dimi:tDionysus.dainaissPoseidon psaidnHades heidi:zPersephone p:sefniEros ersJupiter du:pitJuno du:nuMinerva min:vApollo pluDiana dainVenus vi:nsMars m:zVulcan vlknMercury m:kjuriCeres siri:z Bacchus bksNeptune neptju:nPluto plu:tuProserpina prs:pinCupid kju:pidTeaching PlanFinal Exam:i
21、n Week 16(not finally decided)of Odysseus(3 classes)Part IV:The Adventuresclasses)Part III:The Trojan War(3mythology(5 classes)Part II:Heroes inmythology(3 classes)Part I:The gods in坦巨神与其他次要神祗)gods and goddesses(提3.The Titans and other林匹斯诸神)2.The Olympian Gods(奥wars in the heaven(众神的起源)and the two1.
22、The origin of the godsmythology(众神)Part I:The gods inThe 1st Lecture混沌（男神）卡厄斯黑夜之神（女神）尼克斯大地女神（女神）盖亚地下的黑暗之神（女神）俄瑞波斯天神（男神）乌拉诺斯库克罗普斯独眼巨人族十二泰坦百手三巨人赫卡同刻伊瑞斯复仇女神巨人种族墨利亚神女忒弥斯俄刻阿诺斯克洛诺斯瑞亚奥林匹斯诸神奥林匹斯诸神原始的神灵原始的神灵The origin of the gods called the Titans.(提坦巨神)producing children who wereGaea mated with Uranus,and h
23、eaven.(天神乌拉诺斯)who became king of the skyto Caelus(Uranus/Ouranos),Gaea immediately gave birth(Gaea),the earth.(地母该亚)From Chaos came Terraall things(混沌之神)the god Chaos:the source of(天王星,太阳系第七大行星)Caelus(Uranus)Terra(Gaea)ChaosThe origin of the gods was born.love,beauty and fertility(多产),Aphrodite,godd
24、ess of sexualFrom the bloody foam(泡沫),into the sea.sexual organs and threw themsickle(镰刀)and cut off hisCronus attacked him with aprevented them from being born.Caelus feared his children andin Roman Myth 萨图恩,土星)and most important Titan(SaturnCronus(克洛诺斯):the youngestThe 1st Wartheir birth.Poseidon,
25、immediately afterDemeter,Hera,Hades,andfive children Hestia,But he swallowed his firstsons.three daughters and three(Rhea瑞亚),who bore him He married his sister Opsand became king of the sky.Titans from inside Terra,Cronus then freed the otherThe 2nd WarThwhile inside their father.who had grown into
26、adultsCronus to vomit his children,By using a trick,he causedchallenge his father.After he grew up,he returned tobaby on the island of Crete.baby clothes,while hiding theCronus a stone wrapped inwas born,Ops(Rhea)handed However,when the sixth,Zeus,Zeusthere became known as Olympians.The gods and god
27、desses who livedOlympus,in northern Greece.ruler and lived with them on MountThen Zeus was chosen as their洛斯,冥界的最深处).deep within the Underworld(塔耳塔Titans to Tartarus,a dark regionThey won the war,driving theTitans.a war against Cronus and the otherZeus led his brothers and sisters inThe 2nd WarThint
28、erment:(-ment)埋葬，葬礼inter:(in-入内,ter=terr)入土，埋葬terrestrial:(-ial 的)地球上的，陆上的的，地中海Mediterranean:(medi-中间)被陆地包围田terrace:(-ace名词后缀)平台，阳台梯exterritorial:(ex-外)治外法权的territorial:(-al的)领土的territory:(-ory名词后缀)领土，领地terr=earth,land 表示“土地”Terra:地母Vocabularychaos 混乱，混沌（宇宙未形成前的情形混乱，混沌（宇宙未形成前的情形and peace of Romes my
29、thical Golden Age.Saturn,for it appears to evoke the prosperitythe Saturnalia is an appropriate festival toof gift giving,feasting,and merriment.Indeed,celebrated during the winter,and it was a timeSaturn-the Saturnalia.This festival wasThere was even a Roman festival named afteragriculture.was thou
30、ght of as a god of fertility andhow to farm the land.For this reason Saturnagriculture to his people by teaching themAccording to the myth,Saturn introduced下劳动，受到主人的殷勤招待。日在冬至前后，罗马人纵情欢庆，奴仆和长工们停那里成了农神撒图恩，他的节日被称作农神节。节按照罗马神话传说,克洛诺斯逃到意大利地界，在Saturn:SaturdayVocabularyThe Olympian Gods（奥林匹斯诸神）The Olympians
31、were 12 in number.Zeus(宙斯宙斯):the god of the sky.Hera(赫拉赫拉):the goddess of marriage and childbirth.Poseidon(波塞冬波塞冬):the god of the sea,protector.Hades(哈迪斯哈迪斯):the god the dead andwealth.Hestia(赫斯提亚赫斯提亚):the goddess of the Hearth(灶台).Ares(阿瑞斯阿瑞斯):the god of war.Hermes(赫尔墨斯赫尔墨斯):the god of thieves and
32、commerce.Hephaestus(赫斯菲托斯赫斯菲托斯):the god of fire and the forge(熔炉).Apollo(阿波罗阿波罗):the god of light.Artemis(阿尔忒弥斯阿尔忒弥斯):the goddess of chastity,virginity,the hunt,the moon,and the natural environment.Athena(雅典娜雅典娜):the Greek virgin goddess of reason,intelligent activity,arts and literature.Aphrodite(阿
33、弗洛狄德阿弗洛狄德):the goddess of love,desire and beauty.Zeus.-波塞冬earthquakes;brother ofGod of the sea andPoseidon(Neptune 尼普顿):protector of married women.marriage and childbirth;the gods;goddess ofHera(Juno 朱诺):Queen ofhis sister Hera.of the gods,married withZeus(Jupiter 朱庇特):Rulernumber.The Olympians were
34、 12 in)The Olympian Gods(B.lustful and lecherousmercyA.the god of justice andTwo very different images:树)were sacred to him.The eagle and the oak tree(橡thunderbolt(闪电).weapons were thunder andAs a sky and weather god,hisknowingZeus:all-powerful and all-Zeus(Heracles).and to Alcmene as her own husban
35、dDanae as a shower of gold(Perseus),(twins:Helen and Polydeuces),to(three sons),to Leda as a swanHe came to Europa as a white bullhe frequently disguised himself.When he approached mortal women,Artemis,Hermes,and Dionysus.became the father of Athena,Apollo,In his affairs with the former,hegoddesses
36、and mortal women.numerous love affairs withAs a faithless husband,he hasZeus:the universal loverPluto(冥王星)Naptune(海王星)Uranus(天王星)Saturn(土星)Jupiter(木星)Mars(火星)Earth(地球)Venus(金星)Mercury(水星)solar system:Nine planets of the格词形容圣诞老人的性心情快活的，常用该 jovial:脾气随和的，调)By Jove!(表惊讶或强 Jove:Jupiter 的别称，威严、高傲或冷峻的 olym
37、pian:如天神般VocabularyHera:a furious and revengeful wifeHcompanion,bore Ares and Hebe.5.Hera-became his permanentand Artemis.4.Leto-bore the twins,Apollowho became the Muses.3.Titaness-bore nine childrenEunomia,Horae,and Fates.2.Themis-bore Dike,Eirene,wife and she bore Athena.1.Metos(wisdom)-was his f
38、irstbore him many children.Zeus had a number of wives whowith 100 eyes to watch over her.gift and then ordered Argus,a giantyoung cow,but Hera asked for it as aZeus changed her into a beautifulwas turned out of the palace.began to have horrible dreams and sheWhen Zeus fell in love with her sheof Arg
39、os(阿耳戈斯国王的女儿).Io(伊娥):the daughter of Inachus,kingZeus mistresses and their children.She bitterly hated and cruelly treatedmarried Heracles.fire;Hebe,goddess of youth,whoof war;Hephaestus(Vulcan),god ofHer children included Ares(Mars),godprotector of married womenHera:the goddess of marriage and theH
40、era:a furious and revengeful wifeEpahus,the ancestor of many kings.In Egypt,Io gave birth to a son,woman.where Zeus changed her back into aearth,until she found peace in Eygpt,Io and forced her to wander over theBut the gadfly continued to tormentand killed the giant.closed,Hermes produced a swordAf
41、ter he fall asleep with all his eyesbegan to play his lyre.Hermes came close to him,andZeus sent Hermes to kill Argus.to sting her continuously.Besides,she also sent a gadfly(牛虻)Heras revengetime for it to be born.Dionysus and hid him in his thigh(大腿)until it wasHowever,Zeus was able to rescue her u
42、nborn child,burned to ashes by the lightning from him.Then as she gazed at Zeus in all his glory,she washe was very sad,but could not break his promise.But when he was told what she wanted him to do,“Could you do me a favor?”magnificence.ask Zeus to visit her in the form of a god with all hisform of
43、 a human being,she persuaded Semele toHera was jealous of the love affair and taking thewith a child by Zeus.Harmonia,king and queen of Thebes,was pregnantSemele(塞墨勒),the daughter of Cadmus andHeras revengeJanuarius演变而来的。位守护神的拉丁文名字语1月January，便是由这“朱诺之月”一个月的月名很有意义。英 June:源于Juno,意为他的名字作为除旧迎新的第气度不凡的女人与开
44、始未来，人们认为选择些雍容华贵、仪态万方、眺望未来。象征着结束过去 Junoesque:用以修饰那副脸，一副回顾过去，一副卢斯的守护神，生有前后两材高大、相貌端庄的女人。在罗马传说中，有一名叫雅 Juno一般被描绘成一个身 January:1月Vocabulary演变而来。丁文April即开花的日子,中一个显赫贵族的姓氏。季节。英文4月April便由拉Junius可能是个代拉丁家族地回春,鲜花初绽的美好演变而来。也有学者认为,April:罗马的4月,正是大月June便由这位女神的名字Junius来命名6 月。英语6献给她,以她的名字拉丁文而来的。是由这位战神的名字演变对她十分崇敬,便把6月奉育
45、和保护妇女的神。古罗马月名。英语3月March,便是众神之王后,又是司管生战神的拉丁名字作为3月的 June:罗马神话中的朱诺,斯(Mars),人们便把这位季节。为了纪念战神玛尔惯,3月是每年出征远战的这位女神的名字演变而来。开始。另外,按照传统习命名5月,英文5月May便由人仍然把3 月看做是一年的便用她的名字拉丁文Maius来的1月变成3月,但罗马为了纪念这位女神,罗马人凯撒大帝改革历法后,原雅专门司管春天和生命。月,新年的开始 March:3月,原是罗马旧历法的1 May:罗马神话中的女神玛Vocabularyterraneous,terramycinsuperterrene,terra
46、in,subterrane,disinter/disinterment,words:2.Look up the newOlympians.the description of theorigin of the gods andconcerned with the 1.Read more storiesHomeworkQuestions for review:1.Who are Olympians?2.Who led a war against Cronus?3.How many are the Olympians in number?And what are their responsibilities?4.What is the characteristic of Zeus?How about Hera?5.Please tell the stories of Zeus and his mistresses.祝您成功！
