1、现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词一般式一般式完成式完成式主动语态主动语态(not)doing(not)havingdone/被动语态被动语态(not)done(not)havingbeendone(not)done(1)doing:doing:分词表达的动作与主句主语成分词表达的动作与主句主语成主动主动关系关系,并且与主句谓语动词表达的动作并且与主句谓语动词表达的动作(基本基本)同时发生同时发生。e.g.Last weekend,I went shopping,hoping to buy something.(Although)Admitting what you say,I still th
2、ink you are wrong._(be)short of money,they had to spend the night in a small hotel.Being(2)having done:having done:分词表达的动作与主句主语分词表达的动作与主句主语成成主动关系主动关系,并且发生在主句谓语动词表达的并且发生在主句谓语动词表达的动作动作之前之前(两动作之间有明显的时间间隔)两动作之间有明显的时间间隔),或者其或者其本来就是本来就是完成时形式完成时形式。e.g.Having stood there for near an hour,I couldnt buy it wi
3、thout money.(Once)Having made a promise,you should keep it.Not having received his letter,she decided to write again.Although _(graduate)from the college for many years,he didnt stop studying.having graduated (3)having been done:having been done:分词表达的动作与主分词表达的动作与主句主语成句主语成被动关系被动关系,并且发生在主句谓语动词并且发生在主句谓
4、语动词表达的动作表达的动作之前之前(两动作之间有明显的时间间两动作之间有明显的时间间隔)隔),或者其或者其本来就是本来就是完成时形式完成时形式。e.g.Having been told to be careful many times before,I forgot it that day.Having been given more time,I would have done it better._ for a long time,the flower is almost dying.A.Having not watered B.Not wateringC.Not having been
5、wateredD.Not been wateredn使用使用having done或或having been done的的分词结构部分常会出现一些用于表示过去分词结构部分常会出现一些用于表示过去或完成的时间状语,例如:或完成的时间状语,例如:before,already,for a long time,many times等。等。(4)done:分词表达的动作与主句主语成分词表达的动作与主句主语成被动被动关系关系,并且发生在主句谓语动词表达的动作,并且发生在主句谓语动词表达的动作之之前或同时发生前或同时发生。e.g.Attracted by the salesman,I walked to h
6、er.(When)Taught by the salesman how to use it,suddenly I found my bag was open and my wallet was missing.e.g.Founded in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.1._(compare)with the developed countries,some African countries are left far behind in terms of peoples liv
7、ing standard.2.When you are being talked to,you should look into the eyes of the person.(When)talked to,you should look into the eyes of the person.Comparedn1.分词或分词短语作状语,可以表示时间、原分词或分词短语作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步,结果,方式或伴随状况等。因、条件、让步,结果,方式或伴随状况等。n2.分词或分词短语作状语时,分词或分词短语作状语时,分词必须与主分词必须与主句主语有主动或被动的关系;否则,不能将表句主语有
8、主动或被动的关系;否则,不能将表示时间、原因、条件、让步,结果,方式或伴示时间、原因、条件、让步,结果,方式或伴随等含义的动词转换成分词结构。随等含义的动词转换成分词结构。n3.如果分词短语作表示时间、条件、让步状语如果分词短语作表示时间、条件、让步状语时,分词短语前有时可带时,分词短语前有时可带when,while,where,as if,even if,although,once,unless,until等连接词。等连接词。n通过句意或句子间的关系来判断状语部分(确通过句意或句子间的关系来判断状语部分(确定使用分词的部分);分词在句中可以作表示定使用分词的部分);分词在句中可以作表示时间、
9、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随、方式时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随、方式等关系的状语;等关系的状语;n使用分词前务必判断分词动作与主句主语之间使用分词前务必判断分词动作与主句主语之间是否存在主被动关系;是否存在主被动关系;n通过判断分词动作与主句主语的主被动关系,通过判断分词动作与主句主语的主被动关系,和判断分词动作与主语谓语动作发生时间的先和判断分词动作与主语谓语动作发生时间的先后或同时关系,来选择恰当的分词形式;后或同时关系,来选择恰当的分词形式;n切记:用作状语关系的分词只有以下四种形切记:用作状语关系的分词只有以下四种形式式doing,done,having done,having
10、been done。一些惯用分词结构一些惯用分词结构背下来 generally speaking 一般说来一般说来strictly speaking 严格说来严格说来roughly speaking 大致说来大致说来broadly speaking 广义上说广义上说narrowly speaking 狭义上说狭义上说frankly/honestly speaking 坦白说,老实说坦白说,老实说judging from/by 由由判断判断considering 考虑到考虑到allowing for 考虑到考虑到talking/speaking of 提到提到providing/provided 如果如果weather/time/condition天气天气/时间时间 条件允许的话条件允许的话