1、汉英句子翻译（汉英句子翻译（4）1、汉语连动句式的翻译、汉语连动句式的翻译2、汉语修饰词和范畴词的处理、汉语修饰词和范畴词的处理Stative VS Dynamic英语静态与汉语动态对比英语静态与汉语动态对比Stative&Dynamic“Broadly speaking,nouns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable.At the opposite pole,verbs can be equally naturally char
2、acterized as dynamic:they are fitted to indicate action,activity and temporary or changing conditions.”R.Quirk 英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述成静态(stative)；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）。英语静态的表现 1、nominalization名词化 2、用名词表示实施者，以代替动词 3、名词优势导致的介词优势 4、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义1、名词化的普遍使用 名词化（nominalization）是指用名词来表达原来属于动词（或形容词）所表达的概念，如用抽
3、象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、品质、情感等。例如：Eg.1:The doctors quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.Eg.2:The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving
4、people everywhere.名词化的表达方法能简化表达、行文自然，适合表达较为复杂的思想内容。虽然名词化的表达倾向受到语言学家的批评，但仍普遍见于公文文体和科技文体中。2、用名词表示实施者，以代替动词 英语中常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。大量由动词派生的名词既表示实施者，又保留原来动词的意义。而汉语中由动词加后缀构成的名词用来指人，不再表示行为或动作。例如：1.He is a good eater and a good sleeper.2.You must be a very bad learner,or else you must be going to a very b
5、ad teacher.3.He was a clever man;a pleasant companion;a careless student;with a great propensity for running into debt and a partiality for the tavern.（Vanity Fair）1、他能吃能睡。2、你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。3、他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。3、名词优势导致的介词优势 英语多用名词的倾向，必然导致介词优势。英语中经常用介词短语代替动词短语。例如：他在读书。读完这本
6、书后不要把它扔掉。机器正在运行。说完这些话，她便走开了。He is at his books.The machine is in operation.With these words,she went away.4、用形容词或副词表达动词的意思 英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词（如系动词或半系动词）相结合表达动词的意义。表示心理或生理感觉的形容词也通常用来表达动词的含义。例如：1.I am doubtful whether he is still alive.2.The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.
7、3.The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients.4.He was unaware of my presence.5.John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.1、我怀疑他是否还活着。2、学生合作得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。3、医生同情病人。4、他当时不知道我在场。5、约翰整夜坐在电视机前似乎就满足了。英语还常用副词来表达动词的意思。例如：1.Im afraid Mr.Brown is out,but hell be in soon.恐怕布朗先生出去了，但
8、很快会回来的。2.The news paper was down at six yesterday.昨天报纸六点钟付印。汉语中的动词连用 汉语动词以及动词词组无需改变形式就可以充当句子的各种成分。因此，汉语动词的使用较英语普遍。例如：1、实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.2、解决问题的最好方法是进行调查研究。The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations.3、他们喜欢乘火车旅行。They enjoy travelling by
9、train.译文分析 深化教育改革，着力推进素质教育，重视培养人的创新意识和实践能力，提高人才培养质量。语义重心（SV结构）是什么？各分句中的动词与语义重心的逻辑关系是什么？各逻辑关系在英语中如何体现？We should deepen the reform of education focusing on the quality-oriented education with enhancing the awareness of creation and the ability in practice as its core,to improve the quality of training
10、 competent people.译文分析 为进一步扩大对外开放，加快招商引资步伐，促进我市经济持续、快速、健康发展，根据上级有关文件规定，结合我市实际，经市委、市政府研究，现就鼓励外商来本市投资提出如下意见。With a view to expanding the opening-to-the-outside-world and accelerating the foreign investment promotion so as to bring about in the city an economic development in a steady,fast and healthy
11、way,the Municipal Party Committee and the Government have,according to the relevant stipulations documented by the higher authorities and taking into consideration the actual conditions of the city,put forward after the discussions the proposals for encouraging the foreign investment as follows.1、广大
12、文艺工作者要深入群众，深入生活，汲取营养，丰富自己。2、根据经济和社会发展的要求，继续调整教育结构和布局，优化专业设置，更新教材，改革课程体系、考试评价制度和教学方法，提高教学质量。3、要根据我国经济发展状况，充分考虑世界科学技术加快发展和国际经济结构加速重组的趋势，着眼于全面提高国民经济整体素质和效益，增强综合国力和国际竞争力，对经济结构进行战略性调整。1.Writers and artists should get nutrition,and enrich themselves by immersing themselves among the masses,and by plunging
13、 into the thick of life.2.In light of the needs of economic and social development,we should continue to revise the educational structure and organization by optimizing the division of disciplines,updating teaching materials,reforming the curriculum arrangements,the examination assessment system,and
14、 the teaching methods to improve the quality of education.4.In line with our economic development and taking into full account the trend of accelerated development of science and technology in the world and the speedy regrouping of the international economic structure,we should make strategic readju
15、stments in the economic structure aimed at improving the quality and performance of the entire national economy in an all-round way and at boosting the overall national strength and international competitiveness.汉语中范畴词和修饰词的处理1.修饰词的处理 汉语中修饰语使用较英语频繁。修饰语在汉语中的铺排使用使得汉语有较强的音韵效果且能起到语义加强的作用。相反，英语中修饰语的使用则会让行
16、文累赘，产生消弱甚至破坏原意的结果。例如：彻底粉碎 不切实际的幻想 毫无根据的诽谤 西边的落日 未来的前景 Thoroughly smash Impractical illusion Groundless defamation Sunset in the west Future prospects 汉语中修饰语的大量使用可能有如下一些原因：1、汉语语言使用重对仗、音韵；2、由于英语语言的形合特征，句中词语在语义上前后呼应、上下关照，修饰词的含义已经包含在上下文的词义当中。如果把汉语中的修饰语直译到英语中，势必造成英语的累赘，损害语义的表达。因此，如果修饰语的翻译不符合英语语言习惯，或与上下文中
17、所用词汇意义雷同，或用词堆砌，就应该将修饰语省去不译，或改换句型结构，以适应英语句法的要求。在汉语中很多的惯用表达在翻译成英语时，需要避免“同义反复”（tautology）汉语中常见的“同义反复”主要有：1、与名词搭配：过去的历史 通常的习惯 预先的计划 最后的结局 免费的礼物 新发明 重要的先决条件 大家的一致意见 Past history Common habits Advance planning Final end Free gifts A new innovation An essential prerequisite The general consensus2、与动词搭配 混在一
18、起 合并在一起 返回 分开 降低 全部消灭 不公正地迫害 创造新的世界记录 Mix together Combine together Return back Divide up Reduce down Eliminate entirely Persecute unjustly Set up a new world record3、与形容词或副词搭配 眼睛能看到的 耳朵能听到的 圆形的 红色的 苦味的 数量很少的 Visible to the eye Audible to the ear Round in shape Red in color Bitter-tasting Few in num
19、ber 汉译英中，处理修饰词可遵循以下原则：1、汉语修饰词在句中仅出于行文语气的需要而并无实际强调意义，在译文中可略去不译。例如：1、矗立在苏州新区的依莎中心目前正在如火如荼地兴建。2、积极推进各项配套改革。3、社会治安防控体系更加健全，综合治理工作进一步加强。1.Situated at the gate of Suzhou New District,the Ever Success Center is well under construction.2.We shall press ahead with all the supportive reform.C.f.中国将积极推动各类经济合作组
20、织的机制化建设。China will work actively to promote the institutional building of all kinds of economic cooperation organizations.3.The public security system for crime prevention and control was improved,and overall crime control work was intensified.2、汉语修饰词所表达的意义已隐含于译文字里行间，再添加修饰词会造成冗余。这种情况下，修饰词要删去。例如：1、要切
21、实把教育摆在优先发展的地位。We must see to it that education is given a strategic priority.2、该市已成为远近闻名的“粮仓、酒乡、烟都、纺城”。The city is now known far and wide as“a granary,a wine land,a cigarette capital and a textile city.”(?)3、加快改革是城市经济进一步发展的内在要求。Accelerating reform is a prerequisite for the growth of the urban econom
22、y.2、范畴词的处理 英语中由于抽象名词的大量使用，使得词义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广。而汉语较英语抽象名词使用较少，往往用范畴词（category word）来表达相应的英语抽象名词的含义。“所谓范畴词，是用在具体名词之后，表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特质手段。”连淑能英汉对比研究 常用的范畴词包括：化、性、问题、方面、状况、领域、事件、局面等。在汉译英过程中，这些范畴词通常无实在意义，或省去不译，或使用灵活的形式加以取代。例如：He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.据说他对邓的灵活态度印象深刻。He dis
23、cussed greatness and excellence.他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。Both we and the Chinese approached that first opening toward each other with caution,uncertainty,even trepidation.我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至是惶恐的心情来相互探讨这初次的接触的。我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。We have winked at these irregularities too long.那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。What they wanted m
24、ost was an end of uncertainties.翻译练习 1、农业、农村和农民问题是关系改革开放和现代化建设全局的重大问题。2、在文化方面，积极开展文化体制改革试点工作。3、男女平等问题，从根本上说，是人格的平等，政治、法律和经济地位的平等。Agriculture,rural areas and farmers are of great importance to the reform,opening up and modernization drive.In culture,we launched a trial reform of the cultural system.B
25、asically speaking,equality between women and men is manifested in terms of personality as well as political,legal and economic status.练习2 能源特别是石油问题，是资源战略的一个重要问题。在世界经济增长明显减速的情况下，我们实现了经济较快增长。根据一般加工工业生产能力普遍过剩的现实状况，把国债投资重点放在基础设施建设方面。这个主题突出了三个方面的特点：时代性、独创性和普遍性。Energy,oil in particular,is of strategic imp
26、ortance.Despite a noticeable slowdown in the world economy,Chinas economy grew fairly rapidly.In view of the over-productivity in the general processing industries,investment from national bonds were mainly put into infrastructure development.The theme is characterized by three distinctions:reflecting the needs of our age,being original in concept and having universal significance.
