1、英语构词法英语构词法 英语构词法主要有三种英语构词法主要有三种:转化转化、合成合成与与派生派生 英语构词法种类英语构词法种类另外还有另外还有截短截短、缩合缩合等。等。转化转化 是指从一种词性转化为另一种词性是指从一种词性转化为另一种词性 waterwater n.n.水水 -waterwater vt.vt.浇水浇水常见的转化形式两种:常见的转化形式两种:动词动词 -名词名词名词名词 -动词动词tasten.味道味道v.尝起来尝起来It has a good taste.It tastes very good.record n.记录记录v.记录记录He broke the record.He
2、lies to record something while reading a book.很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:Lets go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。有时意思有一定变化,如:He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:Lets have a swim.咱们游泳吧。stop vt.stop vt.停止停止 -n.-n.车站车站love vt.love vt.爱爱 -n.-n.爱爱watch vt.watch vt.观看观看 -n.-n.手
3、表手表record vt.record vt.录音录音 -n.-n.纪录纪录comb b vt.梳理梳理(头发头发)-n.)-n.梳子梳子abuse vt.abuse vt.辱骂辱骂 -n.-n.辱骂辱骂 很多表示物件,如 Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?身体部位,如:Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:We lunched together
4、.我们在一起吃了午餐。hand n.hand n.手手 -vt.-vt.上交上交seat n.seat n.座位座位 -vt.-vt.坐坐nurse n.nurse n.护士护士 -vt.-vt.护理护理oil n.oil n.油油 -vt.-vt.上油上油time n.time n.时间时间 -vt.-vt.定时,测时定时,测时shoulder n.shoulder n.肩膀肩膀 -vt.-vt.肩负肩负mine n.mine n.矿山矿山 -vt.-vt.开矿开矿barbecue n.barbecue n.烧烤烧烤-vt.-vt.在烤架上烤在烤架上烤ship n.ship n.船船 -vt
5、.-vt.用船装运用船装运 finance n.finance n.金融金融-vt.-vt.为为提供资金提供资金draft n.draft n.草稿草稿 -vt.-vt.起草起草head n.head n.头头 -v.-v.前进前进transport n.transport n.运输运输 -vt.-vt.运输运输 有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。形容词形容词 -名词名词 表
6、示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。合成合成 由两个或更多的词合成一个词,由两个或更多的词合成一个词,常见合成词有合成名词、合成动词、常见合成词有合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词等几种类型。如:合成形容词等几种类型。如:har
7、d+workinghard+working=hard-workinghard-working 勤劳的勤劳的peace+lovingpeace+loving=peace-lovingpeace-loving热爱和平的热爱和平的well+knownwell+known =well-knownwell-known著名的著名的warm+heart+edwarm+heart+ed =warm-heartedwarm-hearted热心的热心的class+roomclass+room =classroomclassroom 教室教室good+lookinggood+looking=good-looking
8、good-looking相貌好看的相貌好看的 keyboard,hardware,network,newspaper high-speed,CD-ROM,baby-sitter,warm-up computer system,mobile phone,post officeair conditioner air conditioner 空调机空调机 baby-sitter baby-sitter 看孩子的人看孩子的人bank account bank account 银行帐户银行帐户blood pressure blood pressure 血压血压higher education highe
9、r education 高等教育高等教育 book case book case 书柜书柜 bookmark bookmark 书签书签bus stop bus stop 公共汽车站公共汽车站 car park car park 停车场停车场 high jump high jump 跳高跳高名词名词+形容词,如:形容词,如:duty-free,life-long,worldwide,skin-deep,word-perfect(一字不差熟记的)等。red-hot,red-hot,African-American,African-American,dead-alive(dead-alive(没精
10、打采的没精打采的,不景气的不景气的),),blue-black blue-black 等。等。peace-loving,English-speaking,time-consuming,painstaking等 examination-oriented,man-made,heart-broken 等。good-looking,easy-going等。kind-hearted,narrow-minded,single-handed单独一人的,无助的,new-born等。派生派生 :是通过在词根上加是通过在词根上加前缀前缀或者或者构成一个新词。构成一个新词。happy-happy-ununhappy
11、happydevelop-developdevelop-developmentment 加前缀:加前缀:happy-_happy 加后缀:加后缀:develop-develop_ 既加前缀又加后缀:既加前缀又加后缀:employ-_employ_unmentunment派生词派生词(derivation)除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:appear出现disappear消失 cor
12、rect正确的incorrect不正确的 lead带领mislead领错 stop停下non-stop不停 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对;抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下面的;次;小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如:alone单独的 antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴 internet互联网 reuse再用 subway地铁 telephone电话dis-(不不)disagree,dislike,disappea
13、rmisunderstand,misleadmis(错误或失当错误或失当)miniskirt,minibussupermarket,supermansuper-(超级超级)mini-(微小微小)in/im-(不不)incorrect impossibleforetell,forecastpost(之后之后)postwar,post-readingfore-(前前,预先预先)semicircle,semi-finalsemi-(半半,部分部分)antiwar,anti-Japanese waranti-(阻止阻止,抗抗)underground,under-developunder-(在在下下,在
14、在中中)英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ful(一),-ian(精通的人),-ist(专业人员),-ment(性质;状态),-ness(性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:differ不同于difference区别 write写writer作家 Japan日本Japanese日本人 act表演actress女演员 mouth口mouthful一口
15、music音乐musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后),-fy(使化),-ize(使成为)。例如:widewiden加宽 beautybeautify美化 purepurify提纯 realrealize意识到 organorganize组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able(有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en(多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern(方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less(表示否定),-like(像的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y(表示天气)等。例如:natur
16、e自然natural自然的 reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的 China中国Chinese中国人的 gold金子golden金的 east东eastern东方的 child孩子childish孩子气的 snow雪snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry生气的angrily生气地 to到towards朝,向 east东方eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen(十几),-ty(几十),-th(构成序数词)。例如:six
17、六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六 four四forty四十fortieth第四十1.名词后缀名词后缀:-er -or -tion-ment -ity -ist-hood -ionwork,educate,develop,visit,satisfy,teach,sail,ability,piano,art,child,brother,act,solute,conclude,move,possible1.名词后缀:名词后缀:-er-or-tion-mentteacher,workervisitor,sailor education,satisfactiondevelopment,mov
18、ement-ity-ist-hood-ion名词后缀名词后缀:ability,possibility pianist,artist childhood,brotherhood action,solution,conclusion2.形容词后缀:形容词后缀:-ous-ful-able,-ible-ant,-ent-arydangerous,humoroushelpful,carefulcomfortable,responsible important,excellent military,voluntary3.副词性的词缀:副词性的词缀:-ly-wardsquickly,softly,yearl
19、y backwards,forwards截短截短 是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。teletelephonephone -phone-phone ininflufluenzaenza -flu.-flu.流行性感冒流行性感冒缩合缩合 是指把两个或两个以上的词各取是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。smoke and fog-smog smoke and fog-smog 烟雾烟雾Test of English as a foreign language Test of English as a foreign la
20、nguage TOEFL TOEFL 托福托福International English language test International English language test system system -IELTS -IELTS 雅思雅思correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergraduategraduategraduatio
21、nn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Buildingcorrectn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Buildingcorrectcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilityexpressioneducationw
22、rongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergroundundergraduategraduategraduationunderwaysubwaysubtitlealwayssidewaysn教育教育 表达表达O独立的独立的rootadj残疾的残疾的n不可能的不可能的OnSSn误解误解root大学生大学生rootn地下的地下的地下通道地下通道地铁地铁副标题副标题总是总是从右栏中找出适当的词与左栏搭配构成合成词从右栏中找出适当的词与左栏搭配构成合成词.booklookersnewfar first troubletenbabyoveremptya
23、.reachingb.casec.minuted.classe.bornf.ong.handedh.eati.sitj.free rain(形容词形容词)_ agree(反义反义)_ nation(形容词形容词)_ farm(人人)_ recent(副词副词)_ friend(形容词形容词)_ hope(形容词形容词)_ back(形容词形容词)_ visit(名词名词)_ home(形容词形容词)_ eight(序数词序数词)_ true(名词名词)_ America(形容词形容词)_ China(形容词形容词)_按括号内的要求改写下列单词按括号内的要求改写下列单词rainynational
24、recentlyhopefulvisitoreighthAmericandisagreefarmerfriendlybackwardshomelesstruthChineseFill in the blanks with proper words.With the(1)_(develop)of industry,air pollution is getting more(2)_ more serious.In Beijing,many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because(3)_ air pollution.Air polluti
25、on is caused(4)_ the following reasons:about half of the problem is caused by vehicles.There are more and more cars,buses on the roads,and they give(5)_ poisonous gases.25%of air pollution is caused by factories.Another(6)_(fact)is the smokers.Smoking not only does(7)_ to their health(8)_ also to ot
26、hers.Besides these,about 10%of air(9)_ is caused by other reasons.We should take some measures to fight(10)_ pollution.New fuel can be used to replace gas.We can plant more trees.If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.developmentandofbyoutfactorharmbutpollutionagainst