1、连锁遗传及染色体作图4.1 Law of Linkage(连锁规律连锁规律)Linkage is the tendency for alleles of two or more genes to pass from one generation to the next in the same combination.Only genes situated on the same chromosome can show linkage.That means the closer together any two genes lie on the same chromosome the more
2、linkage they are to show linkage and the stronger that linkage will be.连锁连锁-两个或两个以上等位基因一起从一代传递到下一代的现象。两个或两个以上等位基因一起从一代传递到下一代的现象。4.1.2 雌果蝇的不完全连锁遗传雌果蝇的不完全连锁遗传(incomplete linkage):亲本亲本 灰身残翅灰身残翅(male)黑身长翅黑身长翅(female)子一代子一代 灰身长翅灰身长翅(female)黑身残翅黑身残翅(male)子代配子子代配子 配子比两两相等配子比两两相等测交后代测交后代 灰身残翅灰身残翅 灰身长翅灰身长翅 黑
3、身残翅黑身残翅 黑身长翅黑身长翅亲本型亲本型83%41.5%8.5%8.5%41.5%交换型交换型 17%BvgBvgbVgbVgBvgbVgbvgbvgBvgbVgbvgBvgbvgbVgbvgBVgbvgBVgbvgbvgbvgIncomplete linkage 同源染色体上的基因既有连锁又有交换的遗传现象同源染色体上的基因既有连锁又有交换的遗传现象 连锁互换律连锁互换律 presented in 1910 by Morgan 4.2 Frequency of cross-overs(交换值交换值)Frequency of cross-overs =重组配子数重组配子数(交换型配子数交换
4、型配子数)/总配子数总配子数(交换型交换型+亲本型亲本型)100%=(No.of recombinant/Total no.of progeny)100%=50%=0 50%=0 The closer the two genes are together the less likely it is that a cross-over will take place between them.The frequency of recombinants give an indirect measure of how close the two genes lie to each other.*发生
5、交换的性母细胞比例为交换值的发生交换的性母细胞比例为交换值的?倍倍单交换单交换(single cross-overs):基因间分别发生单个交换:基因间分别发生单个交换双交换双交换(double cross-overs):同源染色体上的等位基因间同时:同源染色体上的等位基因间同时发生两次单交换。发生两次单交换。图距:图距:If the recombination frequency is 14%,they have a map distance of 14 map units(图距图距)between them.1%recombination is equivalent to 1 map uni
6、t.(1%的重组率等于的重组率等于1个图距个图距)4.3 Mapping gene on chromosomeTwo-factor crosses(两点测验法两点测验法)eg.Maize:有色有色C/无色无色c 饱满饱满Sh/凹陷凹陷sh 非糯性非糯性Wx/糯性糯性wxCrosses are set out below:重组有色、饱满有色、饱满(CCShSh)无色、凹陷无色、凹陷(ccshsh)F1 CcShsh 无色、凹无色、凹陷陷(ccshsh)C、Sh交换值交换值3.6%3.6 cM2.糯性、饱满糯性、饱满(wxwxShSh)非糯性、凹陷非糯性、凹陷(WxWxshsh)F1 WxwxSh
7、sh 糯性、凹陷糯性、凹陷(wxwxshsh)W、Sh交换值交换值20%,20 cM|-23.6-|-20-|-3.6-|wx sh c|-20-|-3.6-|-16.4-|sh c wx3.非糯性、有色非糯性、有色(WxWxCC)糯性、无色糯性、无色(wxwxcc)F1 WxwxCc 糯性、无色糯性、无色(wxwxcc)W、C 交换值交换值22%,22cM 两值为什么不完全一致两值为什么不完全一致?Three-factor crosses(三点测验法三点测验法):These are more accurate than two-factor crosses,in that they iden
8、tify and utilize many of the double cross-overs that are missed by two-factor cross.P 有色、饱满、非糯有色、饱满、非糯(+)无色、皱缩、糯性无色、皱缩、糯性(cc shsh wxwx)F1 有色、饱满、非糯有色、饱满、非糯(+c+sh+wx)无色、皱缩、糯性无色、皱缩、糯性(cc shsh wxwx)Phenotypes Genotypes no.of F2 assembled types有色、饱满、非糯有色、饱满、非糯 +2238 parental无色、皱缩、糯性无色、皱缩、糯性 c sh wx 2198
9、无色、饱满、非糯无色、饱满、非糯 c +98 single有色、皱缩、糯性有色、皱缩、糯性 +sh wx 107 cross-overs有色、饱满、糯性有色、饱满、糯性 +wx 672 single无色、皱缩、非糯无色、皱缩、非糯 c sh +662 cross-overs无色、饱满、糯性无色、饱满、糯性 c +wx 39 double有色、皱缩、非糯有色、皱缩、非糯 +sh +19 cross-oversTotal no.of F2 6033no.of F2 from double cross-overs:39+19=58;no.of F2 from single cross-overs I
10、:98+107=205;no.of F2 from single cross-overs II:672+662=1334Frequency of single cross-overs =(no.of single cross-overs+no.of double cross-overs)/total no.of progeny 100%单交换值单交换值=(单交换个体数单交换个体数+双交换个体数)双交换个体数)/总数总数 100%=单交换值单交换值I+双交换值双交换值Frequency of double cross-overs(双交换值双交换值)=(39+19)/6033 100%=0.96%
11、Frequency of single cross-overs I(单交换单交换交换值交换值)=(98+107)/6033 100%+0.96%=3.4%+0.96%=4.36%Frequency of single cross-overs II(单交换单交换交换值交换值)=(672+662)/6033 100%+0.96%=22.11%+0.96%=23.07%Map unit of C、Sh:4.36 cM,Sh、Wx:23.07 cM I-27.43-I I-4.36-I-23.07-I C Sh Wx4.4 Interference(干涉)(干涉):交换在交叉处发生,一个单交换的发生,
12、会影响另一个单交交换在交叉处发生,一个单交换的发生,会影响另一个单交换的发生,即干涉。换的发生,即干涉。双交换理论值双交换理论值=单交换值单交换值单交换值单交换值 =4.36%23.7%=1%The presense of one chiasmata in a particular chromosome region can reduce the frequency of others forming close to it.This can result in a reduction in the number of double cross-overs observed.双交换实际值双交换
13、实际值 双交换理论值双交换理论值 时时 表明两个单交换间有干涉表明两个单交换间有干涉Coefficient of coincidence(并发系数(并发系数 S):):The extent of interference is calculated as the coefficient of coincidence,the observed number of double cross-overs divided by the expected number of double cross-overs.并发系数并发系数 S=实际双交换值实际双交换值 /理论双交换值理论双交换值=01 S ,干涉
14、,干涉 ;=1,single cross-overs independently,no interference;=0,complete interference,no double cross-overs.1-S=干扰值干扰值7 alleles Mendal researched situated on 7 individual chromosome?I II III IV V VI VIIA/a-0I/i-204R/r-60Gp/gp-21V/v-211Le/le-199 F/f-78基因连锁群:基因连锁群:同一染色体上基因处同一连锁群,同类生物有同一染色体上基因处同一连锁群,同类生物有n
15、对染色体对染色体就有就有n个连锁群。个连锁群。e.g.Tomato 2n=24 12 linkage groups Drosophila 2n=8 4 linkage groupsApplication:大麦大麦(barley)高竿高竿(B)/矮竿矮竿(b),抗条锈病,抗条锈病(T)/不抗条锈病不抗条锈病(t)BT/BT bt/bt 两对基因连锁遗传,交换值为两对基因连锁遗传,交换值为12%。如何在如何在F2代获得代获得3-4株纯种矮竿抗病单株株纯种矮竿抗病单株?4.5 Linkage analysis in fungi(真菌的连锁分析真菌的连锁分析):Ascomycete(粗糙链孢霉粗糙链孢
16、霉):Monoploid and sexual reproduction -Good material for genetic analysis Tetrad analysis(四分体分析四分体分析):减数分裂形成的四个线性排列的减数分裂形成的四个线性排列的 子囊孢子子囊孢子(ordered tetrad)的分析的分析 p112,p144 决定孢子颜色的基因和着丝粒间没有决定孢子颜色的基因和着丝粒间没有发生交换,被称为第一种分裂分离发生交换,被称为第一种分裂分离(4:4的线性比的线性比)p112决定孢子颜色的基因和着丝粒之间发生决定孢子颜色的基因和着丝粒之间发生了交换,两种颜色了交换,两种颜色
17、 表型在第二次减数表型在第二次减数分裂时被分开,出现其他分离类型,称分裂时被分开,出现其他分离类型,称为第二种分裂分离为第二种分裂分离(2:2:2:2或或2:4:2线性线性比比)子囊中仅一半的孢子发生重组子囊中仅一半的孢子发生重组.p113 In ascomycete fungi,first and second division segregation patterns can be used to determine distance between a gene and the centromere.A similar approach can be used to estimate d
18、istances between genes.Recombinant frequency between gene and centromere=(no.of recombinant ascus/total no.of ascus)100%基因与着丝粒的重组率基因与着丝粒的重组率=交换型子囊数交换型子囊数 100%1/2 总子囊数总子囊数eg.1 甲硫氨酸(甲硫氨酸(-)的链孢霉菌株)的链孢霉菌株(m)与野生型与野生型(+)菌株杂交,菌株杂交,基因与着丝粒间距多远基因与着丝粒间距多远?做图表示交换型子囊做图表示交换型子囊 产生过程产生过程?子囊数子囊数 孢子孢子 1+2 3+4 5+6 7+8 6 +m +m 5 m +m 6 m +m +7 +m m +40 m m +36 +m m 100 Centromere mapping:着丝粒为基因座着丝粒为基因座,分析染色体上基因的分析染色体上基因的 连锁关系及分布连锁关系及分布 交换型子囊交换型子囊 24%,一半重组,基因与着丝点间距,一半重组,基因与着丝点间距12cMmm+m+m+mm+m+mm+m子囊数子囊数 6 5 6 7子囊数子囊数 40/36