1、人教课标人教课标 高二高二 选修选修 8Unit 1Look at the following clauses in the sentences and think about what role do these clauses play in the sentences.What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle.However,most applicants know thatthey have very little chance of gettingvisa.This
2、 is why each year a great number of people from all over the world try to immigrate to California.1.概念概念 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称名词从句又可分别称为主语从句为主语从句(S
3、ubject Clause)、宾语从句、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句、表语从句(Predicative Clause)和同位语从句和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。What he wants to tell us is not clear.I believe(that)he is honest.The question is who(which of you)will be the next speaker.The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.主语从句主语从句宾
4、语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词连接词/从属连词从属连词that,whether,if不充不充当从句的任何成分当从句的任何成分 连接代词连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which 连接副词连接副词:when,where,how,why3.不可省略的连词：不可省略的连词：1)介词后的连词介词后的连词 2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的连引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。词不可省略。e.g.That she was chosen made us ver
5、y happy.We heard the news that our team had won.Subject Clause (主语从句主语从句)Object Clause (宾语从句宾语从句)Predicative Clause (表语从句表语从句)Noun clause一、主语从句在复合句中作主语一、主语从句在复合句中作主语,它可它可 以位于句首以位于句首,但常见的主语从句多放在但常见的主语从句多放在句末句末,句首则用形式主语句首则用形式主语it。1.That the earth is round is true.=It is true that the earth is round.2.
6、Whether he will come hasnt been decided.=It hasnt been decided whether he will come.注意注意:连词连词that,whether在从句中不担任在从句中不担任句子成分句子成分,只起连接作用只起连接作用,不能省略不能省略(注注:if不可用来引导主语从句）不可用来引导主语从句）二、用二、用it作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(1)It is名词从句名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that是
7、常识是常识(2)It is形容词从句形容词从句(多用多用 should)It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3)It is不及物动词从句不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4)It is过去分词从句过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道据报道 It has been proved that 已证实已证实 It is said that 据说据说e.g.It is certain that he wi
8、ll come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.三、用带三、用带-ever的引导词的引导词(如如whoever,whatever)引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.Whateve
9、r we do must be in the interests of the people.四、四、it作形式主语和作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较 it作形式主语代替主语从句作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了主要是为了平衡句子结构平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变化。主语从句的连接词有变化。而而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调行强调,无论强调的是什么成分无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连都可用连词词that。被强调部分指人是也可用。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如。例如:uIt is a pity that you didn
10、t go to see the film.uIt doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.uIt is in the morning that the murder took place.uIt is John that broke the window.五、五、what与与that在引导主语从句时的区别在引导主语从句时的区别 what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分子成分,如主语、宾语、表语如主语、宾语、表语,而而that则不则不然然,即不担任何成分。即不担任何成分。e.g.What you said yest
11、erday is right.That she is still alive is a consolation.句子结构：句子结构：主句主句+连接词连接词(引导词引导词)+宾语从句宾语从句连接词连接词:从属连词从属连词that,whether,if 连接代词连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what 连接副词连接副词where,how,why,whenHe has got a pen.I think I think(that)he has got a pen.Where do they study English?Lily asks Lily asks where they s
12、tudy English.Will you help me?I ask I ask if you will help me.一、连词一、连词(引导词引导词)1.当宾语从句是陈述句时当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句包括肯定句和否定句和否定句),连词由连词由that引导引导,因为因为that 在从句中不作任何成分在从句中不作任何成分,也没有任何也没有任何具体意思具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略中常省略。He said(that)he would like to see the headmaster.Jane said(that)she wasnt late for t
13、he meeting.2.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由特殊由特殊疑问词充当连接词疑问词充当连接词,因为该特殊疑问因为该特殊疑问词词(即连接词即连接词)在从句中担任一定的句在从句中担任一定的句子成分子成分,具有一定的意义具有一定的意义,所以不可所以不可以省略。以省略。Do you know what he said just now?I dont remember when we arrived.I asked him where I could get so much money.Please tell me who we have to see.Do you know
14、 what time the plane leaves?Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game.A.why B.whatC.who D.thatI was surprised by her words,which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made.A.what B.thatC.how D.which3.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词由连词whether或或if 引导引导(口语中常用口语中常用 if),因因为为if/whethe
15、r翻译成翻译成“是否是否”,具有一具有一定的意义定的意义,所以不能省略。所以不能省略。Lily wanted to know if/whether her grandma liked the handbag.Lets see if/whether we can find out some information about that city.注意注意:关联词只能用关联词只能用whether不能用不能用if。表。表示示“是否是否”的情况如下：的情况如下：A.在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：The question is whether the film is wor
16、th seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B.在主语从句中，只有用在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语作形式主语时时,whether和和if都能引导主语从句都能引导主语从句,否则否则,也只能用也只能用 whether。如。如:Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.C.在介词之后。在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略介
17、词往往可以省略)e.g.It all depends(on)whether they will support us.D.后面直接跟动词不定式时。后面直接跟动词不定式时。e.g.He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E.后面紧接后面紧接or not时。时。e.g.We didnt know whether or not she was ready.关联词关联词 if,whether 均可使用的情况均可使用的情况如下：如下：A.引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句。e.g.I wonder if(whether)the news is true or not.B.在在
18、“be+形容词形容词”之后。之后。e.g.He was not sure whether(if)it is right or wrong.关联词只能用关联词只能用whether或或if,不能用不能用that的情况如下：的情况如下：若若doubt一词作一词作“怀疑怀疑”解接宾语从解接宾语从句句时时,主句为肯定句用主句为肯定句用whether或或if,主主句为否定句或疑问句用句为否定句或疑问句用that。e.g.I doubt whether he will come soon.I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he w
19、ill come soon?注意注意:下面这个例句中下面这个例句中doubt的含义为的含义为“认为认为未必可能未必可能”。I doubt that he will come.4.跟在介词后的宾语从句跟在介词后的宾语从句:宾语从句放在宾语从句放在介词后作介词的宾语介词后作介词的宾语,在使用这种结构在使用这种结构时不能丢掉介词。时不能丢掉介词。e.g.There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built.We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二、语序二、语序:
20、连接词陈述句连接词陈述句 合成一个句子：合成一个句子：He would be back in an hour.He said He said(that)he would be back in an hour.Do they speak English?We want to know We want to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name?He asks me He asks me what her name is.三、时态：三、时态：如果主句是过去的时态如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去包括一般过去时时,过去进行时过
21、去进行时),那么从句的时态一定那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。要用相对应的过去的某种时态。When will Professor Li give us a talk?We wanted to know We wanted to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.Jim is a good student.The teacher said The teacher said(that)Jim was a good student.Has Mr.Green been in Beijing for five years?He aske
22、d He asked if/whether Mr.Green had been in Beijing for five years.四、在四、在think,believe,suppose,expect等动等动词之后词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否定常转宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。移到主句的谓语上。e.g.I dont think he will see you.I dont believe he will go.We dont expect he is coming.I dont suppose he can do it,can he?注注:此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人此种用法主句的
23、主语必须是第一人称称I或或we，而且它的反意疑问句的，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。助动词由从句的助动词来定。e.g.I dont think he can do it,can he?I dont think you are right,are you?在在suggest,insist,demand,order,require等表示建议等表示建议,命令命令,要求的动词后要求的动词后,从句的谓从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。语动词要用虚拟语气。e.g.I insisted that he(should)do it at once.She suggested that the work
24、(should)be finished at once.注意注意:1.当从句是客观真理当从句是客观真理,定义定义,公理公理,定理时定理时用一般现在时。用一般现在时。2.如果主句的谓语动词是如果主句的谓语动词是ask时时,连词不连词不可能是可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是如果主句的谓语动词是say时时,连词用连词用that。e.g.She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.He asks if I like playing the piano.3.如果从句中含有如果从句中含有or或或or not时时,只能用只能用 whether而不
25、用而不用if。e.g.Do you know whether he is right or not?I dont care whether hell stay here or not.I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.五、在接复合宾语的句子中五、在接复合宾语的句子中,为了保持为了保持句子平衡句子平衡,用用it作形式宾语作形式宾语,将从句放于将从句放于句尾句尾,常接复合宾语的动词有常接复合宾语的动词有:make,find,see,hear,feel,think.e.g.I think it necessary that we take
26、plenty of hot water every day.I think it a pity to waste the food.在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句句,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系表语从句位于连系动词后动词后,有时用有时用as if引导。其基本结构为引导。其基本结构为:主语主语+系动词系动词+that 从句。从句。e.g.Thats what we should do.Thats why I want to see you.The reason for m
27、y absence was that I was ill.1.be,seem,look等动词后均可跟表语从句：等动词后均可跟表语从句：e.g.My suggestion is that we should go shopping.It seems that it is going to rain.2.as if,because也可引导表语从句。也可引导表语从句。e.g.It looks as if its going to rain.It was because I got up late.3.在非正式文体中在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的引导表语从句的 that可以省略。可以省略。e.g.Th
28、e trouble is(that)he is ill.注意注意:在表语从句中在表语从句中,当当reason做主语时做主语时,引导引导词只能用词只能用that,不能用不能用because。e.g.The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus.他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早 班车。班车。4.主句的主语是名词主句的主语是名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement时时,表语从句应用虚拟语表语从句应用虚拟语气。即气。即:(shoul
29、d)+v.e.g.My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside.考点一：主语从句考点一：主语从句 考例回顾考例回顾1.It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.（江苏（江苏 2011）A.that B.how C.when D.why点拨点拨答案为答案为D。根据句意。根据句意“那个人为什么那个人为什么没尽快汇报那起意外事故还没弄清楚没尽快汇报那起意外事故还
30、没弄清楚”可知可知D项符合语境。此句中，项符合语境。此句中，it为形为形式主语，真正的主语是式主语，真正的主语是why引导的主引导的主语从句。语从句。2.Before a problem can be solved,it must be obvious _ the problem itself is.（湖南（湖南2011）A.what B.that C.which D.why 点拨点拨答案为答案为A。此句中。此句中it作形式主语，真正作形式主语，真正的主语为的主语为what引导的主语从句，引导的主语从句，what在从句中作表语。在从句中作表语。3._ comes will be welcome
31、d to the open-air concert.（上海（上海2011春）春）A.Whatever B.Whoever C.No matter what D.No matter who点拨点拨答案为答案为 B。whoever在此引导主语从句，在此引导主语从句，表示表示“无论谁无论谁”。考点二：宾语从句考点二：宾语从句考例回顾考例回顾1.Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.（四川（四川2011）A.why B.how C.what D.which点拨点拨 答
32、案为答案为C。根据从句。根据从句we do后缺后缺少宾语可知选少宾语可知选what。2.It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.（重庆（重庆2011）A.whose B.what C.which D.that点拨点拨答案为答案为 B。what use作作be of的宾语。的宾语。3.Weve offered her the job,but I dont know _ shell accept it.（山东（山东2011）A.where B.whatC.wh
33、ether D.which 点拨点拨答案为答案为C。whether引导宾语从句，表示引导宾语从句，表示“是否是否”。考点三：表语从句考点三：表语从句 考例回顾考例回顾1.Id like to start my own business thats _ Id do if I had the money.（陕西（陕西2011）A.why B.when C.which D.what 点拨点拨 答案为答案为D。从句中缺少。从句中缺少do的宾语，的宾语，因此用因此用what。2.Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is _ he never
34、finishes anything.（山东（山东2011）A.that B.when C.where D.why 点拨点拨 答案为答案为D。根据句意。根据句意“我觉得与我觉得与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家，这就是为什么他从来不会完成任家，这就是为什么他从来不会完成任何事情的原因何事情的原因”可知选可知选why。3.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield,was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.（北京（北京2010）A.what B.that C.why D.whether点拨点拨 答案为答案为B。that引导表语从句，不引导表语从句，不在从句中作任何成分，只起连接作用，在从句中作任何成分，只起连接作用，没有含义。没有含义。HomeworkFinish Activities 1-3 on page 49 on the workbook.
