1、Unit SixteenGREIn this unit you will learn how to write for GRE testIn this unit you will learn how to write for GRE tests s.GRE 写作的分析性写作(Analytical Writing)分两部分。第一部分为观点题(issue task),内容通常是对于社会、科学、历史、哲学、政治等方面的观点进行评论；第二部分为回应题(argument task)，内容通常是对给定情景中推理的驳斥。观点题的基本要素包括：1.立论：提出论点。总结作者的观点，某种程度肯定该观点，并指出该观
2、点的片面性。2.论证:提出论证。结合作者的观点，表达自己的观点并给出理由和例子进行论证。3.结论:总结论证并重述观点。回应题的基本要素包括：4.立论:找出逻辑错误，归纳论点；判断逻辑推理过程中的隐含假设；概括论据中的他因。5.论证：论证具体的他因及反例；加条件讨论；提出改进方案，攻击逻辑错误。6.结论：通过论证说明作者的论点漏洞，指出其在作出结论前需考虑其他情况。Task Objective观点题有短有长，没有具体字数限制，注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有 400 字左右，长的有 600 字左右，通常在 550 字左右，高分作品平均在 660 字左右。一般分为 4段来写。回应题也没有具体字数限
3、制，同样注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有 400 字左右，长的有 500 字左右，通常在 450 字左右，高分作品平均在 600 字左右。一般分为 5 段来写。Read Sample 1 and Fillinthefollowingtableusingonekeysentence.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIssueArgumentAuthors opinion Writers view Conclusion KeyWriting typesIssueArgumentAuthors opinionTechnology cannot change the co
4、ndition of humanity.It makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer.Writers viewThe authors opinion appears to be an incorrect statement.There are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument.Conclusion We should not ignore the obvious tremendous advances th
5、at have been made over the past one hundred years by the human race in a narrow sense.Financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces.Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that env
6、ironment(i.e.,coal mine)Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparation 21.Issue：1.What is the issue of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?3.What is the conclusion of the essay?Argument：4.Does this authors argument make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use?5.Ho
7、w many other factors has the writer mentioned that government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities?What are they?6.Is there a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state?Issue:1.What is the issue of the essay?2.What is the o
8、pinion of the author?3.What is the conclusion of the essay?Key Education choice between contemporary cultural courses and past ones.Colleges and universities should offer more contemporary cultural courses,because they have much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past.
9、A properly educated university student must find a balance between studying contemporary culture without neglecting the study of arts and literature of the past.Argument:1.Does this authors argument make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use?2.How many other factors has the writer
10、 mentioned that government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities?What are they?3.Is there a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state?No,it does not.The writer has mentioned three factors that may decide to invest in improv
11、ing riverside recreational facilities.They are the scope and validity of that survey,uncertain complaints from a wide range of people,or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints and the real reason caused the strong smell of the river.There is no concrete connection between t
12、he residents lack of river use and the rivers current state.Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements are true or falseare true or false(1-5 for issues,6-10 for (1-5 for issues,6-10 for arguments)arguments).Task Preparation 31.People work more prod
13、uctively in teams rather than as individual is going to vary greatly only because of the types of teams that are organized and the end reward or motivation for both the team.()2.“Type A”personalities refer to people who are born with the desire to succeed,no matter what the situation or task that th
14、ey are facing.()3.People who are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort will be most effective when working as part of a team.()4.One persons performance inside of a team will be productive with respect to the entire team,whether how the
15、 performance is rewarded.()FTFTTask Preparation 35.From a pure productivity standpoint,the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make no differences whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual.()6.The decision to restore the time devote
16、d to weather and local news to its former level is one that should be made with more careful consideration of evidence,and viewer/client feedback by the business manager of this television station.()7.Many assumptions have been made on the business managers part about the exact cause of the problems
17、 with the program.()FFTTask Preparation 38.The memorandum stated that more complaints received from viewers were concerned with the stations coverage of weather and local news,but it did not state the nature of the complaints.()9.Sometimes it is the personalities and the chemistry of the business ma
18、nager that govern peoples decisions about which stations news they watch.()10.The station cannot expect to go back to the programming it once had and be successful.()TFTData Bank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in GRE writing.1.1 Patterns and expressions in issues1.1.1论点论点1)The sp
19、eaker claims that society should make efforts to save endangered species only caused by human activities.I agreed with the speaker insofar as saving endangered species is the responsibility of human beings.2)The arguer asserts that most people choose a career not on the basis of his or her natural t
20、alents or interest in a particular kind of work but only on pragmatic considerations.As far as I am concerned,I concede that there are quite a few of people choose a career on pragmatic consideration in this pragmatic world.However,there are still so many individuals choose a career based on their n
21、atural talents and interest.3)The optimal approach,in my view,is a balanced one that imposes a basic curriculum yet leaves the rest up to each state or community.4)I fundamentally agree with the speaker that the real“truly educated”should be based on the learning a wide scope of knowledge.However,cl
22、ose scrutiny reveals that overstate either the importance of the professional knowledge or the information outside will lead into jeopardized situation.5)Admittedly,fundamental knowledge,social skills and moral education should be instilled in every school before university.6)It is true that the gen
23、eral welfare of its all people is a reliable indicator of a great nation.7)On the other hand,however,the achievements of its rulers,artists and scientists are of equal importance,which by their way bring the aim of welfare of its people into fruition.8)I concede that undue discord can impede/hamper
24、learning.Otherwise,in my view,we learn far from discourse and debate with those ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own.9)In this statement,the arguer actually has a dual claim.First,no matter in which profession,those in power should step down after five years.Second
25、,revitalization through new leadership is the surest way to success for any enterprise.10)The discussion of this statement turns on what meant by“little real progress”from the first sentence.1.1.2 论证论证 1)First of all,the phrase“little real progress”from the first sentence must be defined.Secondly,th
26、e phrase“the overall condition of humanity”and“the condition of humanity”must be defined.2)Secondly and most obviously,the compounds were only tested on rats.Rats may have a similar genetic structure to humans,but they are most certainly not the same as humans.3)Additionally,the arguer begins his or
27、 her argument by stating that“as people grow older”,PEP breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory.4)When facing a question,people are inclined to talk with those who are in accord with them instead of with those opposing them.5)What about the coverage of a single event i
28、n someones life,for example,a wedding or the birth of a baby?Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter or police officer in the line of duty ever going to diminish that persons reputation?It seems highly unlikely that in the examples,although these people may have been subjected to
29、media scrutiny.6)There is no doubt that there are a large number of people who have been hurt in one way or another by particularly intense media scrutiny.7)Looking back to the past to see the various effects of various human behaviors on the environment can show valuable lessons on what can happen
30、if proper precautions are not taken.8)Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian culture are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associate with Western cultures.9)This is an attempt to shift the burden of proof bac
31、k on to the nonbelievers of the argument.10)At times,it is difficult to determine what exactly is the difference between contemporary culture and the arts and literature of the past.1.1.31.1.3结论结论1)Yet the achievements of artists and scientist,while integral,are insufficient.The military and diploma
32、tic accomplishment of its leaders could neither be ignores in the general welfare of a nation.2)The most reasonable way of decision making concerning career seeking is to best fulfill ones pragmatic concerns without violating ones value,talent and interests.If we cannot fulfill both,we must choose t
33、he one which we concern much more more than the other.3)Take a balance.A university should offer various disciplines to students while ensure that the students can learn their major well.4)The restrictions placed by government on scientific research should be judged according to the different nature
34、 of various research projects.5)In summary,from what has been discussed above,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that to strengthen the argument,the arguer must show a direct link between the breaking apart of neuropeptides and loss of money and learning ability.6)Being skeptic is not a radi
35、cal way of thinking,but a logical thought process.It is important for healthy skepticism to keep our minds open to new ideas,and to prevent us from becoming unthinking dogmatists with no individuality.7)To make the argument convincing,the author would have to provide evidence that Mayor Durant appro
36、ved a faulty bridge design or an unqualified construction company that caused the bridges damage and traffic problems.8)There is no proof given either that television violence of any kind causes teenage crime or that a reduction in prime time violence will keep teenagers from breaking the law.9)But
37、not all governmental proceedings should be televised.There are times when secrecy is an absolute requirement for making sure that the correct decisions are made.1.2 Patterns and expressions in arguments1.2.1论点论点1)This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace
38、safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees.2)This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases,the wages paid to employees should also increase.3)However,there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to t
39、his argument.4)It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions,and thus,not strong enough to lead to increased funding.5)While the argument appears superficially plausible,there are certain crippling objections that must be
40、raised as to its logic,particularly regarding the conclusion.6)Even the most cursory of examinations reveals these assumptions to be wholly unreliable.7)Unfortunately,the writer makes a number of unreliable assumptions that undermine his argument.8)The argument above is well-presented and appears to
41、 be relatively sound at first glance:because of the hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller-skating accidents.9)However,as more light is shed on the issue and more detailed facts are concerned,it is easy to see that the argument suffers from several grave falla
42、cies in its assumptions as well as commits a false analogy.10)It assumes that lack of protective gear is the main cause of severe injury in roller skates,which is not necessarily true under any circumstance.1.2.2 论据论据1)The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large ca
43、pital expenditures to improve the work environment.2)I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense,it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social,moral and ethical sense.3)This argument also
44、 relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analyzing improving the work environment.4)Additionally,the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming,boating,and fishing,despite their professed interest,because the water is polluted and smelly.5)For example,Toy
45、ota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable,it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment.6)Finally,one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer.7)While a polluted,smelly
46、river would likely cut down on river sports,a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state is not effectively made.8)Though there have been complaints,we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people.9)Building upon the imp
47、lication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the rivers water and the smell,the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage.10)Regardless of whether the rivers quality is able to be improved or not,the author does not effectively show a connection
48、 between water quality and river usage.1.2.3 总结总结1)In conclusion,while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense.2)The station cannot expect to go back to the programming it once had and be successful.3
49、)Obviously,something about the previous programming must not have been working;otherwise they would not have changed their structure the last time.4)Careful analysis of all the factors I have presented is the best first step to making a change in the structure of their news program.5)Overall,the arg
50、ument is far from forceful enough to persuade the roller skaters should invest in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment in order to reduce their risk.6)As it stands,the argument has too many holes with which it can be torn apart.7)Clearly,then,we need to have additional evidence in o
