1、动词不定式动词不定式分词分词动名词动名词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词v.-ing非谓语动词的句法作用非谓语动词的句法作用动词不定式动词不定式 现在分词现在分词 过去分词过去分词 动名词动名词主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补足语补足语口诀：口诀：不定式，本领强，不定式，本领强，六种成分都能当。六种成分都能当。动名词，不示弱，动名词，不示弱，主宾表定都能作。主宾表定都能作。两分词，不相让，两分词，不相让，表定状补争亮相。表定状补争亮相。1.不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态 时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时to do to be done进行时进行时to be
2、doing 完成时完成时to have doneto have been done (1)不定式的时态不定式的时态 不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。态。I wish to finish my business and get away.He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.一、动词不定式一、动词不定式 不定式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发不定式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动词之前。生在句子的谓语动词之前。He is generally conside
3、red to have invented the telephone.不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.(2)不定式的语态不定式的语态 当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系主动关系时时,用主动语态；如果是用主动语态；如果是被动关系被动关系则用被动语态。则用被动语态。He refused to go abroad.He refused to be taken abroad.【注注】下列情况下不定式用主
4、动形式表达被动意义：下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义：不定式不定式作定语作定语时。时。She has a sister to look after.不定式不定式放在形容词之后放在形容词之后时。时。This book is difficult to understand.个别动词用在个别动词用在“be不定式不定式”结构中表将来或结构中表将来或应该时。应该时。I think he is to blame.我认为他应该受到责备。我认为他应该受到责备。1).不定式作主语不定式作主语 To know something about English is one thing；to know Engl
5、ish is quite another.此时，常用此时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。的后部。It isnt easy for her to find a new job.2).不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford，agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish等。等。I promised not to be late.2.不定式的功能不定
6、式的功能介词介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词实义动词do，不定式就要省略，不定式就要省略to。It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.They did nothing but complain.3).不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语某些动词如某些动词如tell，want，wish，advise，order，require，expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，allow，forbid等后可接不等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。定式
7、作宾语补足语。My doctor advised me to take a rest.某些感官动词或使役动词后面可接某些感官动词或使役动词后面可接不带不带to的不定的不定式作式作宾语补足语宾语补足语。但如果句子变成。但如果句子变成被动语态被动语态时，时，就就必须带必须带to 符号。符号。Did you notice anyone go into the house?Was anyone noticed to go into the house?五看五看二听二听一感觉一感觉三使役三使役半帮助半帮助look at/see/watch/notice/observelisten to/hearfeel
8、make/let/havehelp某些动词如某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后可等后可 接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而且要用词或名词作宾语补足语，而且要用it作形式宾语作形式宾语。News services make it possible for newspapers to give their readers news from around the world.4).不定式作定语不定式作定语 Do you have the ability to read and write En
9、glish?作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词饰的名词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。或形容词最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.She was
10、the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.5).不定式作状语不定式作状语不定式一般作不定式一般作目的状语目的状语，还可用短语，还可用短语in order to 或或so as to。He sat down to have a rest.不定式有时可作不定式有时可作结果状语结果状语，表示意想不到的结，表示意想不到的结果，还可用果，还可用only to。He left，never to return.He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.He was so ca
11、reless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可用在下列句子中表示不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果结果：不定式可作不定式可作评注性状语评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。，用以修饰整个句子。To be honest，I know nothing about it.6).不定式作表语不定式作表语 The first step is to check the victims breathing.All I did was(to)press the button.7).“疑问词不定式疑问词不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。宾语。When and
12、where to hold the meeting is not known yet.I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.【注注】此时不可用此时不可用if to do结构。结构。3.不定式的省略问题不定式的省略问题 有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定式符号常常要保留不定式符号to。这种情况常出现在动词。这种情况常出现在动词expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try或或be glad，be happy或或would like/
13、love等后面。等后面。如果不定式中含有如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，时，这些词也可保留。这些词也可保留。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.“I didnt tell him the news.”“You ought to have.”1.现在分词的功能现在分词的功能 (1)现在分词现在分词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语 下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see，hear，notice，observe，watch，listen to，look at，have，keep，leave，find，catch，
14、feel等。等。She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.【注注】如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为变为主语补足语主语补足语。The boy was caught cheating in the exam.二、分词 (2)现在分词现在分词作表语作表语 The movie is very boring.(3)现在分词现在分词作定语作定语 现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。间是主动关系。The taxi taking us to the airport broke d
15、own.【注注】being done形式表示正在进行中的动形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间是被动关系。作，且与先行词之间是被动关系。The house being built will serve as a library.正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。(4)现在分词现在分词作状语作状语 现在分词作状语时，可表示现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况行为方式、伴随状况等。等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句子的此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般主
16、语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的具有逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系。The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces.【注注】如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词的语，就要用分词的独立主格结构独立主格结构。Weather permitting，well play golf this afternoon.现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分词与句子的主语无关。常见的说度，此时现在分词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：法有：genera
17、lly speaking“一般来说一般来说”；frankly speaking“坦白地说坦白地说”；judging from.“根据根据 来判断来判断”；considering.“考虑到考虑到”等。等。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly.2.现在分词的时态和语态现在分词的时态和语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时doingbeing done完成时完成时having donehaving been done Not knowing her address，I wasnt able to contact her.I saw
18、 him being taken away when I passed by his house.Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre.Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.3.过去分词过去分词 过去分词一般在句中作过去分词一般在句中作宾补宾补、表语表语、定定语语和和状语状语，通常表示已完成的被动动作或一，通常表示已完成的被动动作或一种状态。种状态。1)Youd better have the television repaired.2)Som
19、e of the people invited to the party cant come.3)The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.4)Given a chance，I can surprise the world.5)He stood in front of the room with his arms folded.三、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动三、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别式作定语的区别1.过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之
20、前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?2.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.3.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。The question to be discussed at tomorrow
21、s meeting is a very important one.1.感官动词感官动词(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，notice等等)和使役动词和使役动词have后面的宾补有后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词三种形式，即原形动词(不带不带to的不定式的不定式)，现在分，现在分词和过去分词。词和过去分词。现在分词表现在分词表主动或正在进行主动或正在进行，过，过去分词表去分词表被动或完成被动或完成，动词原形表，动词原形表主动和完成。主动和完成。1)I heard her sing an English song just now.2)I hea
22、rd her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.3)I heard the English song sung many times.四、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别四、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别2.leave后接三种形式作宾补时，意为后接三种形式作宾补时，意为“使使处于某种状态处于某种状态”。leavesb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事让某人一直做某事sth.undone留下某事未做留下某事未做 sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事留下某人做某事sth.to be done留下某事要做留下
23、某事要做 Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didnt taste delicious.He left，leaving me to do all the rest work.3.have，get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示表示“使、让、叫使、让、叫”之意。之意。（1）have sth.doneget sth.done“使使/让某事让某事由别人去做由别人去做”。Ill have/g
24、et my bike repaired tomorrow.【注注】have sth.done还表示还表示“使遭受使遭受”之意。之意。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.【注注】“have sb.doing”若用于否定句中，其中若用于否定句中，其中have有有“容忍容忍”之意。之意。I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.Mother ha
25、d me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking.He wont listen to me.五、注意以下表达的意义区别五、注意以下表达的意义区别 1.动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态 主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般一般doingbeing done完成完成having donehaving been done 1)He went away without saying anything.2)He came into the room without being seen.3)Im sorry fo
26、r having wasted so much of your time.4)I forgot having been given a Christmas gift years ago三、动名词三、动名词2.动名词的句法功能动名词的句法功能 (1)动名词动名词作主语作主语 Watching them is a thrilling experience.【注注】有时用有时用it 作形式主语，而把动词的作形式主语，而把动词的-ing 形形式放在句子的后部。式放在句子的后部。It is no use crying over spilt milk.(2)动名词动名词作宾语作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词
27、作宾语，不可下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语：接不定式作宾语：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等。等。I admit breaking the window.下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out，cant stand，end up，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward
28、to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy(in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)等。等。He didnt want to end up going home alone.下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不同。作宾语时，意义上有所不同。Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school.I remember turning off
29、 the light before I left the office.动词动词like，love，prefer，hate，continue等后等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但如表示经常性接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用的动作要用动名词动名词，如表示具体的行为要用，如表示具体的行为要用不定不定式。式。1)I like reading books of this kind,but I dont like to read that book.2)She prefer walking to cycling.3)I prefer to stay at home today.动词动
30、词allow，advise，forbid，permit等后接动名等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.动词动词need，require，want作作“需要需要”解解时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动式作宾语。被动式作宾语。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.介词后要接动名词介词后要接动名词作宾语作宾语。What do you mean by say
31、ing that?I congratulated them on getting married(3)动名词动名词作表语作表语 My hobby is growing flowers.(4)动名词动名词作定语作定语 He had a very expensive walking stick.形容词形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于被动意义，它不同于worthy 的用法。的用法。The place is worth visiting.The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.3.动名词
32、的复合结构动名词的复合结构 动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主语可用名词的所有格或成复合结构，逻辑主语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。1)I cant imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat.2)My coming back home late made my mother very angry.1.The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed!A.arrived B.arrives C.to a
33、rrive D.arriving 解析：解析：不定式不定式to arrive 作作the last one 的后置的后置定语，表示定语，表示“最后来的那个人最后来的那个人”。答案：答案：C 过关落实过关落实2.I smell something _ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?A.burning B.burnt C.being burnt D.to be burnt 解析：解析：强调强调“闻到某物正在燃烧闻到某物正在燃烧”，选，选择择v.-ing形式，且此处形式，且此处burn 为不及物动词，为不及物动词，因此不用被动形式。因此
34、不用被动形式。答案：答案：A3.At the beginning of the class，the noise of desks _could be heard outside the classroom.A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being opened and closed D.to open and close 解析：句中意为解析：句中意为“桌子桌子(抽屉抽屉)正在被打开、正在被打开、关上的声音关上的声音”，强调动作正在进行，用，强调动作正在进行，用being done。答案：答案：C 4.The flowers hi
35、s friend gave him will die unless _ every day.A.watered B.watering C.water D.to water 解析：解析：unless watered作条件状语，表示作条件状语，表示条件，条件，water因和主语因和主语(the flowers)为动宾关为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。系，故用过去分词形式。答案：答案：A5.As a result of the serious flood，two-thirds of the buildings in the area _.A.need repairing B.needs to repa
36、ir C.needs repairing D.need to repair 解析：主语中分数修饰的名词为复数解析：主语中分数修饰的名词为复数(the buildings)，故排除，故排除B、C；need doing等于等于need to be done，表示被动。，表示被动。答案：答案：A 6.You cant imagine what difficulty we had _ home in the snowstorm.A.walked B.walk C.to walk D.walking 解析：解析：have difficulty(in)doing sth.做做某事有困难，固定句型，在本句中
37、某事有困难，固定句型，在本句中difficulty提前了。提前了。答案：答案：D7.Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh，yes.How often I have regretted _ his advice!A.to take B.taking C.not to take D.not taking 解析：解析：regretv.-ing形式表示后悔做过某形式表示后悔做过某事；事；v.-ing形式的否定式在其前面加形式的否定式在其前面加not。答案：答案：D 8.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecra
38、ft，the most recent _ at the end of last March.A.has been launched B.having been launched C.being launched D.to be launched 解析：解析：having been launched等于等于which has been launched，表示，表示“已经被发射已经被发射”。答案：答案：B9.Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _ my mind，I almost b
39、reak down.A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled 解析：解析：work与与fill为主谓关系，故用为主谓关系，故用filling作宾补。作宾补。答案：答案：B 10.As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _，and asked myself what I was going to do.A.moved B.moving C.to move D.being moved 解析：解析：此处此处moving在句中做伴随状语在句中做伴随状语。答案：答案：B11.I cant stan
40、d _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.A.working；stopping B.to work；stopping C.working；to stop D.to work；to stop 解析：解析：stand doing sth.忍受做某事；忍受做某事；refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事，均为固定搭配。拒绝做某事，均为固定搭配。答案：答案：C 12.He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets h
41、ad been sold out.A.to be told B.to tell C.told D.telling 解析：解析：“only不定式不定式”结构表示一种结构表示一种出乎意料的结果出乎意料的结果(失望，沮丧等失望，沮丧等)，此处用不，此处用不定式的被动式表示定式的被动式表示“却被告知却被告知”。答案：答案：A13.It is difficult to imagine his _ the decision without any consideration.A.to accept B.accept C.accepting D.accepted 解析：解析：本句中本句中his 为动名词为动名词accepting的逻辑主语，的逻辑主语，动名词的复合结构作动词动名词的复合结构作动词imagine的宾语。的宾语。答案：答案：C 14.Russ and Earl were auto mechanics _ the same pay，but Earl had more ambition.A.to earn B.to have earned C.earning D.earned 解析：解析：本句中本句中earning为后置定语，相当于为后置定语，相当于who earned。答案：答案：C
