1、Synergism Effects of Multiple Sugars in Pig Starter Diets多种糖对仔猪开食料的协同效应多种糖对仔猪开食料的协同效应Pig Starter Approximate Composition,%of diet仔猪开食料大致组成仔猪开食料大致组成,%Carbohydrates as an EnergySource in Pig Diets 碳水化合物在猪饲料中作为能在猪饲料中作为能量来源量来源 Energy is frequently the most limiting nutrient in swine diets.在猪饲料中能量总是限制性营养
2、因素在猪饲料中能量总是限制性营养因素 Starch is the main carbohydrate and primary energy source in most pig diets.大多数猪料中淀粉是主要的碳水化合物以及大多数猪料中淀粉是主要的碳水化合物以及能量来源能量来源 Sucrase(sugar)Outline摘要摘要I.Sugar utilization at pig birth 初生仔猪对糖的利用初生仔猪对糖的利用II.Sugar utilization at weaning 断奶仔猪对糖的利用断奶仔猪对糖的利用 Sucrose replacement value for l
3、actose 蔗糖对乳糖的替代作用蔗糖对乳糖的替代作用 Pig preference for sweeter diets 猪喜好甜食猪喜好甜食 Economic formulation with sugar sources 不同糖原的合理搭配不同糖原的合理搭配 Sugar Utilization atPig Birth初生仔猪对糖的利用初生仔猪对糖的利用Failure of Newborn Pig(2-day old)to Utilize Sucrose and Fructose新生仔猪（新生仔猪（2日龄）利用蔗糖和果糖的死亡数对照日龄）利用蔗糖和果糖的死亡数对照葡萄糖葡萄糖蔗糖蔗糖果糖果糖猪
4、的总头数猪的总头数777死亡的头数死亡的头数165(Becker et al.,1954a)Failure of Newborn Pig(2-day old)to Utilize Sucrose and Fructose新生仔猪（新生仔猪（2日龄）利用蔗糖和果糖的对照日龄）利用蔗糖和果糖的对照葡萄糖葡萄糖蔗糖蔗糖果糖果糖平均初始体重平均初始体重,公斤公斤1.241.291.33平均最终体重，公斤平均最终体重，公斤2.360.971.02平均每头猪增重平均每头猪增重,公斤公斤1.12-0.32-0.31(Becker et al.,1954a)*Wt.at death or trial term
5、ination.Sugar Utilization at Various Weaning Ages不同的断奶日龄对糖的利用不同的断奶日龄对糖的利用(Aherne et al.,1969)Intestinal Sucrase Activity in Baby Pigs(Bailey et al,1956)小猪肠蔗糖酶活性小猪肠蔗糖酶活性(10-fold)(60-fold)(200-fold)Carbohydrase Activities in Neonatal Pigs is Diet Dependent新生仔猪的糖酶活性依赖日粮基础新生仔猪的糖酶活性依赖日粮基础NB=2d old,PC=pig
6、s fed porcine colostrum,BCP=bovine colostrum+porcine plasma,MR=Milk ReplacerNB=2日龄 PC=母乳喂养的猪 BPC=牛初乳+猪血 MR=牛奶替代品Jensen,et al,2001,Journal of Nutrition,131:3259-3265延森等人，2001，营养杂志，mol/substrate hydrolyzed/min at 37CTotal Sucrase Activity in Jejunum of Pigs(fresh tissue basis)小猪空肠中总蔗糖酶活性（新鲜组织基础）小猪空肠中总
7、蔗糖酶活性（新鲜组织基础）Age of pigs,wks猪的周龄O.Adeola and D.E.King,2006 J.Anim.Sci.84:112-118Plasma Fructose Concentration following Oral Dose of Either Sucrose,Fructose&Glucose in piglets at Age of 2,5,7,10,and 15 days在小猪日龄为在小猪日龄为2，5，7，10以及以及15天时口服蔗糖，果糖或者葡萄糖后天时口服蔗糖，果糖或者葡萄糖后血浆果糖浓度血浆果糖浓度(Bird and Hartmann,1996,Br
8、itish J.of Nutrition 399-407)2 days5 days7 days10 days15 daysPlasma Fructose Concentration following Oral Dose of Either Sucrose,Fructose&Glucose in piglets at Age of 2,5,7,10,and 15 days在小猪日龄为在小猪日龄为2，5，7，10以及以及15天时口服蔗糖，果糖或者葡萄糖后天时口服蔗糖，果糖或者葡萄糖后血浆果糖浓度血浆果糖浓度(Bird and Hartmann,1996,British J.of Nutritio
9、n 399-407)Age,Days after Birth出生后天数蔗糖的相对消化能力Research Summary 研究概述研究概述 Newborn piglets(2 day age)could not utilize sucrose and fructose to maintain their health and growth.新生仔猪（2日龄以下）不能利用蔗糖，果糖，以维持他们的健康和成长。Carbohydrate digestive enzyme system in piglets changes and develops rapidly after birth.小猪碳水化合物
10、消化酶系统在出生会发生变化并且快速发展。At closer to 2 wks of age,piglets can efficiently utilize non-lactose carbohydrates as adequate energy sources.在接近2周龄时，仔猪可以有效地利用非乳糖类碳水化合物以提供足够的能量来源Sugar Utilization atWeaning断奶仔猪对糖的利用断奶仔猪对糖的利用Typical Sow Milk Composition(DM basis)典型的母乳组成（干基）典型的母乳组成（干基）(Harrell&Odle,2003)Dried mil
11、k products(as a source of lactose and milk proteins)ease the transition from sows milk to dry nursery feeds.干燥乳制品（作为乳糖和乳蛋白的来源）使小猪更易由母乳向干燥乳制品（作为乳糖和乳蛋白的来源）使小猪更易由母乳向干饲料过渡。干饲料过渡。Nearly 50%of the U.S.annual whey production goes to animal feeds.美国每年的乳清制品大约美国每年的乳清制品大约50%进入到了动物饲料进入到了动物饲料 Of the whey going t
12、o animal feeds,approximately half is used in swine starters.进入动物饲料的乳清制品大约一半用于小猪开食料。进入动物饲料的乳清制品大约一半用于小猪开食料。Lactose for Nursery Pigs乳糖对小猪的影响乳糖对小猪的影响Effect of Dried Whey Level on Performance of Weaned Pigs干燥乳清粉添加量对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响作用干燥乳清粉添加量对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响作用Pigs weaned at 14 days,weighing 4.4 kg.(Mahan,1984)14天
13、断奶，断奶体重天断奶，断奶体重4.4公斤公斤Importance of lactose in pigstarter diets 乳糖在小猪开食料中的重要性乳糖在小猪开食料中的重要性 Readily available energy source.现成的能量来源。现成的能量来源。Enhances feed intake.提高采食量提高采食量 Conversion of lactose to lactic acid in the gut.乳糖在肠道转化为乳酸。乳糖在肠道转化为乳酸。Influences intestinal microflora populations.对群体肠道菌群的影响。对群体
14、肠道菌群的影响。Increases Ca absorption in small intestine 增加钙在小肠的吸收增加钙在小肠的吸收 Acidification increases protein digestion 酸化提高蛋白质的消化酸化提高蛋白质的消化 Enhances integrity of intestinal villi and nutrient absorption.增强小肠绒毛的完整性和营养吸收。Carbohydrate Comparison in 21-d Pigs21日龄断奶仔猪碳水化合物的应用比较日龄断奶仔猪碳水化合物的应用比较(Sewell&Maxwell,19
15、66)Basal Diet基础日粮基础日粮%Isolated soy protein大豆分离蛋白18.3Glucose H2O一水葡萄糖72.9Cellulose纤维素3.0Corn oil谷物油2.0AA,VTM premix氨基酸，维生素预混剂3.8 Weaned pigs at 21-days.21天断奶的猪 35-day feeding trial.35天饲喂试验 Purified isolated soy-glucose basal diet.大豆分离蛋白-葡萄糖基础日粮。Carbohydrate Utilization in21-Day Old Weaned Pigs21天断奶仔猪
16、对碳水化合物的利用天断奶仔猪对碳水化合物的利用(Sewell&Maxwell,1966)aabCarbohydrate Utilization fromday 15 to 36*从从15天到天到36天对糖水化合物的利用天对糖水化合物的利用(Mateo&Veum,1980)aab*Pigs fed purified isolated soy-carbohydrate diets.Carbohydrate Comparison in 21-d Pigs(Jin et al.,AJAS,1998)21天断奶仔猪碳水化合物应用对照天断奶仔猪碳水化合物应用对照 Weaned pigs at 21-day
17、s (avg.=5.8 kg).21天断奶仔猪（平均体重天断奶仔猪（平均体重=5.8kg）Complex,industry-typical diets.典型的商业复合日粮典型的商业复合日粮 Phase I(0-7 days);phase II(8-21 days).一阶段（一阶段（0-7天）；天）；二阶段（二阶段（8-21天）天）5 replicates of 5 pigs/pen.5个重复每个重复个重复每个重复5头猪头猪 Experimental Diets(Jin et al.,AJAS,1998)实验日粮实验日粮Phase I,%Phase II,%Corn玉米玉米36.5/40.439
18、.2/43.2Soybean meal豆粕豆粕24.5/19.025.8/20.2Plasma protein血浆蛋白血浆蛋白6.002.00Fish meal鱼粉鱼粉5.005.00Blood meal血粉血粉2.002.00Corn oil玉米油玉米油3.003.00Carbohydrate source碳水化碳水化合物来源合物来源20.020.0AA,VTM premix,Meds氨基酸，预混料氨基酸，预混料to 100to 100Phase I Growth Performancein Pigs Weaned at 21-d21天断奶仔猪第一阶段的生长表现天断奶仔猪第一阶段的生长表现(
19、Jin et al.,1998)aabacb*Carbohydrates added at 20%in complex diets.Research Summary实验总结实验总结 After Weaning(21 days of age),nursery pigs can utilize sucrose as well as lactose to provide energy for body growth.断奶后（21日龄），仔猪可以像利用乳糖那样利用蔗糖做为身体增长的能量能源。However,sucrose may be a more effective source than gluc
20、ose.Glucose is certainly better than starch.然而，蔗糖可能比葡萄糖具有更有效的来源。葡萄糖是当然比淀粉好。Optimum Ratio of Lactose to Other Sugars乳糖与其他糖的最适比例乳糖与其他糖的最适比例Optimum Lactose:Sucrose Ratio in 21-d Pigs(Jin et al.,AJAS,1998)21天猪最适乳糖蔗糖比例天猪最适乳糖蔗糖比例 Weaned pigs at 21-days (avg.=5.4 kg).21天断奶仔猪（平均体重天断奶仔猪（平均体重=5.4kg）Complex,in
21、dustry-typical diets(nearly identical to previous trial).典型的商业复合日粮（几乎跟前一测试日粮含量相同）典型的商业复合日粮（几乎跟前一测试日粮含量相同）Phase I(0-7 days);phase II(8-21 days).一阶段（一阶段（0-7天）；天）；二阶段（二阶段（8-21天）天）6 replicates of 8 pigs/pen.6个重复每个重复个重复每个重复8头猪头猪 Optimum Lactose/Sucrose Ratio(ADG,phase I)最适的乳糖蔗糖比最适的乳糖蔗糖比(Jin et al.,1998)a
22、bbaa Effect of Replacing lactose with a Sugar Food Product in Nursery Pig Diets在小猪日粮中用糖类产品代替乳糖的效果在小猪日粮中用糖类产品代替乳糖的效果(Allee,Univ.of Missouri)734 newly Weaned pigs at 21-days (avg.=5.85 kg).734头在头在21天新断奶仔猪（平均体重天新断奶仔猪（平均体重=5.85公斤）公斤）Complex,industry-typical diets 典型的商业复合日粮典型的商业复合日粮 5 diet treatment with
23、 20%lactose and 15%lactose in phase 1 and phase 2 diets respectively.在第一阶段和第二阶段分别用含有在第一阶段和第二阶段分别用含有20%乳糖和含乳糖和含15%乳糖的乳糖的5组日粮饲喂组日粮饲喂。Phase-1(0-10 days);phase-2(10-18 days);common phase-3(18-38 days).第一阶段（第一阶段（0到到10天）；天）；第二阶段（第二阶段（10到到18天）；第三阶段（天）；第三阶段（18-38天）天）RCBD with 7 replicate pens/treatment and
24、21 pigs/pen.7个重复每个重复个重复每个重复21头猪头猪 Dietary Lactose and Sugar Levels(Phase 1&Phase 2)日两中乳糖和糖水平日两中乳糖和糖水平Diet 日粮组成日粮组成12345Lactose,%乳糖%201714107Sugars,%糖%0361013Lactose:Sugar ratio乳糖：糖比例100:085:1570:3050:5035:65Total CHO,%总2020202020Diet日粮组成日粮组成12345Lactose,%乳糖%1512964Sugars,%糖%0361011Lactose:Sugar rati
25、o乳糖：糖比例100:080:2060:4040:6033:67Total CHO,%1515151515Phase 1 diets第一阶段日粮组成第一阶段日粮组成Phase 2 diets第二阶段日粮组成第二阶段日粮组成Sugar,%0255075100Ingredients组成Corn 玉米831.02828.20825.06821.90818.70SBM,48%328.00328.00328.00328.00328.00Dairylac 80乳宝80325.20243.90162.6081.300.00Sugar Product糖产品0.081.30162.60243.90325.20G
26、ranular Whey乳清粉200.00200.00200.00200.00200.00Plasma血浆80.0080.0080.0080.0080.00Fishmeal Select精选鱼粉80.0080.0080.0080.0080.00Red Blood Cells血粉20.0020.0020.0020.0020.00Other 其他135.78138.60141.74144.90148.10Total 总含量2,000.002,000.002,000.002,000.002,000.00Phase 1 Dietary Treatments第一阶段各处理组日粮第一阶段各处理组日粮All
27、 diets contained 1.54 total Lys 所有日粮含有总的赖氨酸所有日粮含有总的赖氨酸1.54Sugar,%糖%0255075100Ingredients 组成Corn 玉米923.58921.18918.62915.48912.70SBM,48%408.00408.00408.00408.00408.00Dairylac 80乳宝80287.50215.62143.7671.880.00Sugar Product糖产品0.071.88143.76215.62287.50Granular Whey乳清粉100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00Plasm
28、a血浆40.0040.0040.0040.0040.00Fishmeal Select精选鱼粉80.0080.0080.0080.0080.00Red Blood Cells血粉20.0020.0020.0020.0020.00Other其他140.92143.32145.88149.02151.80Total 总含量2,000.002,000.002,000.002,000.002,000.00Phase 2 Dietary Treatments第二阶段各处理日粮第二阶段各处理日粮All diets contained 1.53 total Lys所有日粮含有总的赖氨酸所有日粮含有总的赖氨酸
29、1.53F:G P 0.021;Linear P 0.001bbbabaF:G P 0.009;Linear P 0.001bbbbaLactose:Sugars乳糖：糖乳糖：糖Lactose:Sugars乳糖：糖乳糖：糖F:G Quadratic P 0.012Lactose:Sugars乳糖：糖乳糖：糖Mixture of Sugars and Lactose总糖和乳糖的混合物比例Total Sugars 82.0%总糖总糖 Lactose40.0%乳糖乳糖Sucrose31.0%蔗糖蔗糖Glucose11.0%葡萄糖葡萄糖Lactose Equivalent Research乳糖等效研究
30、3 trials 3个试验个试验1.Jason Frank&Charles Maxwell,Univ.of Arkansas贾森弗兰克和查尔斯贾森弗兰克和查尔斯麦克斯韦，阿肯色州大学麦克斯韦，阿肯色州大学2.Victor Naranjo&Lee Southern,Louisiana State Univ.维克多纳兰霍和维克多纳兰霍和丽萨人，路易斯安那州立大学。丽萨人，路易斯安那州立大学。3.Buddy Hinson&Gary Allee,Univ.of Missouri 欣森和加里阿里欣森和加里阿里，大学。密苏里大学，大学。密苏里大学Similar treatment design 类似的试验
31、设计类似的试验设计1.Negative control(no lactose sources)反面对照组反面对照组（没有乳糖源）（没有乳糖源）2.Dairylac-80 low inclusion 乳宝乳宝80低含量组低含量组3.Dairylac-80 higher inclusion 乳宝乳宝80高含量组高含量组4.50/50 sugar and lactose low inclusion 50/50糖及乳糖低含量组糖及乳糖低含量组 5.50/50 sugar and lactose higher inclusion 50/50糖及乳糖高含量组糖及乳糖高含量组 Dairylac 80 vs.
32、LE-80 乳宝80对照LE-80(Frank&Maxwell,U.of AR)ADG,g平均日增重平均日增重Control 对照组对照组0/0DL-807.5%/5%DL-80 15%/10%LE-807.5%/5%LE-80 15%/10%p Phase 1(0-10 d)1101331781531780.06Phase 2(11-20 d)5425675936035410.08Phase 1+2(0-20 d)3233473853783550.12Data are means of 7 replications per treatment w/7 pigs/pen.数据来自数据来自7个重
33、复，每个重复每栏个重复，每个重复每栏7头头Feed:Gain采食增重比采食增重比Control对照组对照组 0/0DL-807.5%/5%DL-80 15%/10%LE-807.5%/5%LE-80 15%/10%p Phase 1(0-10 d)2.631.901.851.791.720.12Phase 2(11-20 d)1.30 b1.25 b1.26 b1.22 b 1.41 a0.01Phase 1+2(0-20 d)1.451.361.391.321.480.10Dairylac 80 vs.LE-80乳宝80对照LE-80(Naranjo&Southern,LSU)ADG,g平均
34、日增重平均日增重Control 对照组对照组0%/0%DL-806%/3%DL-80 12%/6%LE-806%/3%LE-80 12%/6%p Phase 1(0-7 d)第一阶段（第一阶段（0-7天）天）1921951911752170.71Phase 2(8-20 d)第二阶段（第二阶段（8-20天）天）381 b440 a456 a420 ab440 a0.14Phase 1+2(0-20 d)第一二阶段（第一二阶段（0-20天）天）315 b354 a363 a334 ab362 a0.14Data are means of 4 replications per treatment
35、w/4 pigs/pen.数据来自数据来自4个重复，每个重复每栏个重复，每个重复每栏4头猪头猪Feed:Gain采食增重比采食增重比Control 对照组对照组0%/0%DL-806%/3%DL-80 12%/6%LE-806%/3%LE-80 12%/6%p Phase 1(0-7 d)第一阶段（第一阶段（0-7天）天）1.431.461.441.491.390.64Phase 2(8-20 d)第二阶段（第二阶段（8-20天）天）1.621.581.501.581.450.18Phase 1+2(0-20 d)第一二阶段（第一二阶段（0-20）1.581.561.491.571.440.1
36、8Dairylac 80 vs.LE-80 乳宝80对照LE-80(Hinson&Allee,U.of MO)ADG,g平均日增重平均日增重Control 对照组对照组0/0DL-80lowDL-80 highLE-80lowLE-80 highp 0 7 days1451591591591770.210-14 days2002182182002220.190 21 days259 b281 ab290 a263 b290 a0.06Low inclusion rates=12.5%(0-7d);9.375%(7-14d);6.25%(14-21d).低含量组低含量组=12.5%（0-7天）：
37、天）：9.375%（7到到14天）：天）：6.25%（14到到21天）天）High inclusion rates=25%(0-7d);18.75%(7-14d);12.5%(14-21d).高含量组高含量组=25%（0-7天）：天）：18.75%（7到到14天）：天）：12.5%（14到到21天）天）*Data are means of 6 replications per treatment w/22 pigs/pen.数据来自数据来自6个重复每个重复每栏个重复每个重复每栏22头猪头猪Feed:Gain 饲喂增重比饲喂增重比Control 对照组对照组0/0DL-80lowDL-80 hi
38、ghLE-80lowLE-80 highp 0 7 days1.321.141.271.231.150.340-14 days1.36 bc1.26 a1.30 ab1.35 bc1.39 c0.010 21 days1.42 b1.34 ab1.32 a1.40 b1.38 ab0.04Research Summary研究总结Sugars improves pig performance when added to nursery diets containing typical levels of lactose.在小猪日粮中添加特定水平的乳糖时糖能提高猪的表现性能Optimal rati
39、o of lactose to other sugars is 50:50 Thus,replacing up to 50%of the lactose requirement will have no detrimental effects on pig performance.乳糖与其他其他糖的最佳比例为50：50，因此最优其他糖类的比例是50:50，因此，替代高达50的乳糖，不会对猪的性能产生不利影响。Research Summary研究总结Sugars may offer advantages over dextrose:糖类比右旋糖更能提供益处 Array of sugars(swe
40、etness synergism).糖系列（甜味增效）Dextrose strong reducing sugar(Maillard).右旋糖为强还原糖（梅拉德）Dextrose gut osmotic effect(monosaccharide).右旋糖的肠渗透作用（单糖）Pig Preference for Sweetness 猪喜好甜的食物猪喜好甜的食物Pig Preference for Sweeter DietsIs Fairly Well Established 猪喜好甜的食物是相当确定的猪喜好甜的食物是相当确定的 Hanson et al.,1954 汉森等人汉森等人 Lewis
41、 et al.,1955 (in pelleted and mash diets)刘易斯等人，刘易斯等人，1955 Jensen et al.,1955 詹森等人，詹森等人，1955 Wahlstrom et al.,1974 瓦尔斯特龙等人，瓦尔斯特龙等人，1974 Chapple et al.,1981 查普尔等人，查普尔等人，1981 Preference for Sweeter Diets(all intakes higher than a 20%starch basal,p.05)表现出对甜的日粮的喜好（摄入的总量超过表现出对甜的日粮的喜好（摄入的总量超过20%的淀粉基）的淀粉基）S
42、ingle-stimulus preference,diets rotated every 2 days for 28-d trial.单刺激表现，日粮每两天转换一次，试验期单刺激表现，日粮每两天转换一次，试验期28天。天。(Chapple et al.,1981)Relative Sweetness of Various Sugars(sucrose set at 100%)各种糖的相对甜度各种糖的相对甜度Ockerman,1978ALM Guide,1988Fructose果糖173130Sucrose蔗糖蔗糖100100Glucose葡萄糖7470Lactose乳糖1630Starch淀
43、粉Little很少-Number of Taste Buds per Animal Species各种动物的味蕾数各种动物的味蕾数Species 种类种类Number of taste buds味蕾数味蕾数Chicken 鸡 24Duck 鸭 200Cat 猫 473Dog 狗 1,706Human 人 9,000Swine 猪猪15,000Dairy calf奶牛25,000(Bennet,2002)Conclusions结论结论1.Newborn pigs 2 weeks,pigs can effectively utilize sucrose and other sugars,as we
44、ll as lactose.断奶后两周的猪能有效的利用蔗糖和其他糖断奶后两周的猪能有效的利用蔗糖和其他糖3.At weaning,sucrose can effectively replace 50%of lactose and give equal or better performance.断奶时，蔗糖能有效的代替断奶时，蔗糖能有效的代替50%的乳糖并且能有相当的或者更好的表的乳糖并且能有相当的或者更好的表现现4.Pig prefers sweet diets 猪更喜好甜的食物猪更喜好甜的食物 Practical Formulation and Economic Alternatives
45、to Meet Lactose/Sucrose Requirements of Nursery Pigs兼顾实用配方和经济效应，满足小猪对乳糖兼顾实用配方和经济效应，满足小猪对乳糖/蔗糖的需求蔗糖的需求Changes in Formulation Practicesin Swine Starters小猪开口料配方变化的实践小猪开口料配方变化的实践F o rm u late o n to tal su g arsw/m in o n lacto seA p p ly lacto se eq u ivalen cevalu e to vario u s su g arsL east co st lacto se so u rcesD ried w h ey lo cked in
