1、123real-life communication may have the following features:1)Sentences tend to be simple2)There are more incomplete sentences,or fragments3)Language is informal,and vocabulary tends to be simple4)There may be broken grammar,false starts,hesitation and fillers5)There is more repetition and redundancy
2、6)Language tends to be unplanned7)There is low density of information8)Communication is text dependent9)There is turn-taking between two speakers10)The speakers are interdependent and mutually supportive11)There is need to communicate12)The focus is on meaning13)There is little error correction14)Th
3、ere is nonverbal response15)The content is not specified in advance.4Differences between spoken language and written languageSpoken 1.Spontaneous 2.Sentences are often incomplete,ungrammatical,and full of hesitations,false starts,and redundancies3.If it is not recorded,spoken language cant be listen
4、ed to again.It is expected to be understood immediately.5Written 1.Well planned2.Sentences are often carefully constructed and well organised3.Written language is comparatively speaking permanent.It can be read as often as necessary.6Aims of the Unit o To get to know the characteristics of spoken co
5、mmunicationo To get to know the factors affecting speakingo To get to know the content of oral instructiono To get to know the characteristics for successful speaking taskso To get to know the approaches to teaching speaking7I.Teaching aims in speaking class1)To improve Ss ability of speaking2)To ge
6、t Ss master the correct pronunciation,intonation and rhythm,ect.3)To get Ss master the communicative functions of language4)To get Ss master the speaking strategies5)To get Ss master the non-verbal strategies6)To get Ss to know about the relationship between communication and culture7)To improve the
7、ir thinking ability in communication82.Factors that influence speaking ability:1)Ability to express2)Vocabulary3)Communication strategies4)Correct pronunciation5)Correcting mistakes6)Atmosphere9Principles for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising p
8、ractice.It is important if students have the chance to experience the language in meaningful contexts,both meaning and the usage of the structure should be obtained.3.Personalising practice.Help students learn better by personalising the content and context.4.Building up confidence.105.Maximising me
9、aningful interactions.Make sure that the interaction is meaningful and participation is maximum.6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students.11Characteristics of successful spe
10、aking tasks1.Maximum foreign talk:the students talk a lot in the foreign language.(two common problems)2.Even participation:encourage speaking from as many different students as possible.3.High motivation4.Right language level.12Types of communicative activities1.Information-gap activities2.Dialogue
11、s and role-plays3.Activities using pictures4.Problem-solving activities5.Other speaking activities(Find someone who)6.Bingo activities7.Change the story8.Human scrabble13The framework for defining speaking activities by LittlewoodPre-communicative activitiesa.Structural activitiesb.Quasi-communicati
12、ve activitiesCommunicative activitiesa.Functional communication activitiesb.Social interaction activities14Pre-communicative activities may include drilling,modeling and repetition;focused structural dialogues,controlled role plays,using clues or prompts for practices,etc.Communicative activities in
13、clude information gap activities,problem-solving activities,discussions,debates,interviews,fluency-focused games,etc.15Controlled activities mainly focus on form and accuracy.Semi-controlled activities focus more on meaning and communication.Communicative activities allow for real information exchan
14、ge16o 1)Pronunciationo 2)Vocabulary and grammaro 3)Communicative functiono 4)Speaking strategiesIII.Teaching Content17IV.Teaching model of teaching speakingo3P model:Presentation Practice Production18The most commonly used approaches are the 3p approach and task-based approach.We will mainly teach 3
15、p approach,namely Presentation-practice-production.It reflects the process principle of language teaching.1.presentation1)what to present:grammar,formulas,sentence structure,functions,conversational techniques2)objectives:to establish the form to establish the meaning to present the topic to activat
16、e background knowledge to motivate the students3)ways of presentation:through examples,through explanation;using multi-medium techniques;oral demonstration192.practiceActivities:gapped dialogue split exchanges scrambled dialogue information gap flow chart dialogue cued card dialogue find the partner
17、203.Production:Activities:role-play simulated situation role card play interview debate chain retelling picture story slip instruction22VI.Some Useful StrategiesBefore you speak:Lower your anxiety Identify the goal and purpose of the task Ask for clarification of the task if you are unsure Activate
18、your background knowledge Predict what is going to happen Plan what you will say23Anxiety In Speaking24Some Useful StrategiesWhile you are speaking:Feel in control Concentrate on the task Be involved in the conversation Monitor your speech(vocabulary,grammar,pronunciation)Compensate for any difficul
19、ties you have25Some Useful StrategiesAfter you speak:Reward yourself Evaluate how well the activity was accomplished Identify the problem areas Plan for how you will improve the next time Ask for help or correction Keep a learning log26VII.Other Useful Strategies Use non-verbal cues Use formulaic ph
20、rases Rephrase your language if you are not understood Short responses Choose logical patterns of organization (chronological,cause/effect,etc)Analyze interests of your audienceUsing fillers and conversation maintenance cuesUsing paraphrases for structures one cant produce27Pre-sequence:A:Are you go
21、ing out tomorrow?B:No,not really.A:Are you using your bike then?B:No.You want to borrow it?A:Yes.If you are not using it.28VIII.Teaching Strategieso 1)Picture sequenceo 2)Flow charto 3)role card playo 4)Picture gapo 5)Half-dailogueo 6)Chain retello 7)Think-pair-shareo 8)Talking circleo 9)Interviewo 10)Pannel discussiono 11)Slip instruction
