1、制作:ydenise时间:2015年10月古代注音法之反切法(补充)反切法:格式:,切。或:,反。例:贡,古送切。被切字反切上字反切下字PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE反切法:贡古送切被切字反切上字反切下字gusong反切规则:上字取声,下字取韵,上定清浊,下定四声。g ongPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE反切基本知识例解反切产生基础双声叠韵反切正例音和反切变例类隔PUT THE NAME OF
2、 YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切产生基础双声叠韵 陈澧:“以二字为一字之音。上字与所切字双声,下字与所切字叠韵。”诗经中的双声叠韵字 春秋至汉魏六朝,人名、地名、物名常用双声或叠韵字PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE诗经中的双声叠韵字反切的出现,是古人能对汉字音节进项两分的分析,把音节离析为“声”、“和韵”。为归纳汉字的声母韵母奠定了基础。反切上字,可以归纳出汉语的声母,古人称之为“字母”反切下字,可以得出汉语的韵母和声调
3、系统,古人称之同韵母、同声调的字为一个“韵类”。上字定声母,下字定韵和调。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE诗经中的双声叠韵字那么诗经中的双声叠韵是?双声词:指两个音节声母相同的连绵词。(参差cen ci、忐忑tan te、吩咐fen fu、淋漓lin li)叠韵词:指两个音节的“韵”相同的连绵词。(彷徨pang huang、窈窕yao tiao、从容cong rong、烂漫lan man、徘徊pai huai)连绵词:指两个不同的音节连缀成一个语素,表示一个意义的词。PUT THE NAME O
4、F YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切产生基础双声叠韵 汉末以来民间流行的“反切语”一种语言技术。“双反语”:用两个字先顺后倒地切合两次。如梁武帝中大通时的民谣:“鹿子开城门”“鹿开”来 “开鹿”哭又:水经注“索郎酒”桑落酒PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE“反切语”反切的两面切口:切口的切是说语言是可以切割的,单音词缓读分音一分为二叫做“切口”。砌口:反过来,由双声词合声合为一“返”回原切之音。砌,即两音叠砌。返回复归还原反
5、切的反PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE“双反语”定义:用两个字先顺后倒地切合两次。如梁武帝中大通时的民谣:“鹿子开城门”“鹿开”来 l+ai lai “开鹿”哭 k+u kuPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE“切脚语”(切脚字):定义:用反切上下字代替本字,实质是古语或标准语中的单音节词在向口语转化的过程中,由于缓读的作用,而分化为用两个音节(即两个汉字)表达一个不可拆开解释的词义。“叵”不可;“甭
6、”不用 (po)bu ke (beng)bu yong“孔”窟窿;“精”机灵 (kong)ku long PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切正例音和胡笼切 h lng hng得按切 d n dn之少切 zh sho zho丘倨切 qi j q(红)(旦)(照)(去)PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切正例音和普半切 p bn pn速多切 sdu su七愿切 q n qn火官切 hu gun
7、hun(判)(娑)(劝)(欢)PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切正例音和反切正例,反切即取上字声母,下字韵母合声调。例子:之少切照 zhi shao zhaoPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔举韦切 j ui jui古讶切 g i gi 仓经切 cng jng cng 芳辟切 fng p f (gui)(ji)(qng)(p)PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMP
8、ANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔类隔:是一个音韵学术语,凡反切上字与所切之字有重唇、轻唇或舌头,舌上之异,叫做“类隔切”。隔就是隔碍。因为一些语音读不出来。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例1:古稽切 古讶切g ig iaj ij ia 康礼切 苦泫切k ik anq iq an 胡决切 呼典切h eh ianx ex ian变读规律:反切上字声母为,反切下字韵母为,则被切字声母变读为 、变读为、变读为。P
9、UT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE四呼 齐齿呼齐齿呼 i、ia、ie、iao、iou、ian、in、iang、ing 开口呼开口呼-i(前、后)、a、o、e、er、ai、ei、ao、ou、an、en、ang、eng 合口呼合口呼u、ua、uo、uai、uei、uan、uen、uang、ueng、ong 撮口呼撮口呼、e、an、n、iong PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例2:子亮
10、切 子泉切z iangz anj iangj an 仓经切 此缘切c ingc anq ingq an 素鸡切 似鱼切s is x ix 变读规律:反切上字声母为,反切下字韵母为,则被切字声母 变读为、变读为、变读为。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例3:知演切 章与切zh ianzh zhanzh u 昌里切 昌缘切ch ichanch i(后-i)ch uan 食允切 如延切sh nr iansh unr an变读规律:反切上字声母为,反切下字韵母为,则被切字韵母变读为、
11、变读为。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例4:博怪切 普过切b uaip uobaibo 莫困切 彼眷切m unbanm enb ian 薄泫切 眉殒切b anm nb ianm in变读规律4:反切上字声母为,反切下字韵母为有或则被切字韵母,或把变读为。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE古调知识古今调类不同,古调分为“平、上、去、入”而今调类分为:阴平、阳平、上声、去声是由“平
12、分阴阳,入归四声”形成的现代汉语的声调古四声:平、上、去、入汉字被分为:上平、下平、上声、去声、入声归入平声仄声PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE古调知识对比:今声 古声 上平 阴平(-)下平 阳平()上声 上声()去声 去声()而入声分别并入今声的上、去、平声。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔变读规律:反切上字是全浊声母时 反切下字声调为古仄声,被切字声母一律变读为不送气声母;
13、反切下 字声调为古平声,被切字声母则一律变读为送气声母。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例5:皮敬切 田候切pingt oub ingd ou 秦悉切 驰伪切q ichuij izh ui 渠运切 其遇切q nq j nj 去声上声入声全浊声母的分辨方法之:普通话阳平塞音或塞擦音声母字;PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例5:薄胡切 度侯切b ud oup u
14、t ou 昨来切 匠邻切z aij inc aiq in 直深切 巨良切zh enj iangch enq iang全浊声母的分辨方法之:普通话不送气的塞音或塞擦音声母字,但赣方言中却读作送气音的字。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔变读规律6:反切上字若是清声母,则反切下字声调为阳平的要变读为阴平;反之,反切上字若是浊声母,反切下字声调为阴平的要变读为阳平。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPAN
15、Y HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例:他回切 苦寒切 息林切tuknxntuknxn 徒干切 力居切 渠希切tnlqtnlq声调演变规律:浊上归去。(古上声字中的浊声母字普通话都读作去声)PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔变读规律7:反切上字的声母是重唇音,而反切下字声母是轻唇音,变读为轻唇音;反之,反切上字的声母若是轻唇音,但反切下字声母为重唇音,变读为重唇音。PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPA
16、NY HERE重唇音定义:双层塞音和双唇鼻音(上下唇紧闭或接触以节制外出之气息而成)四母:帮P、滂p、并b、明mPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE轻唇音定义:由唇和齿的咬合而发出的辅音,非f、敷f、奉vPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例:匹凡切 匹问切 panpen 扶板切 芳杯切fanfeibanpeiPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT T
17、HE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔变读规律8:反切上字是全浊声母,反切下字声调为上声的要变读为去声;PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE、反切变读/变例类隔例:侯古切 直稔切 疾郢切hzhnjnghzhnjngPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE辅音(看阻碍的方式)(1)塞音:b、p、d、t、g、k(发音时,发音部位形成闭塞,软腭上升,堵塞鼻腔的通路,气流冲破阻碍
18、,迸裂而出,爆发成声。)(2)擦音:f、h、x、sh、r、s(发音时,发音部位接近,留下窄缝,软腭上升,堵塞鼻腔的通路,气流从窄缝中挤出,摩擦成声。)(3)塞擦音:j、q、zh、ch、z、c(发音时,发音部位先形成闭塞,软腭上升,堵塞鼻腔的通路,然后气流把阻塞部位冲开一条窄缝,从窄缝中挤出,摩擦成声。先破裂,后摩擦,结果形成一个音。)(4)鼻音:m、n、ng(发音时,口腔中的发音部位完全闭塞,软腭下降,打开鼻腔通路,气流振动声带,从鼻腔通过发音。)(5)边音:l(发音时,舌尖与上齿龈接触,但舌头的两边仍留有空隙,同时软腭上升,阻塞鼻腔的通路,气流振动声带,从舌头的两边或一边通过。PUT THE
19、 NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE辅音(看声带是否振动)浊音:发音时,声带振动 b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s、w、y 清音:发音时,声带不振动 m、n、l、r PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE辅音(看气流的强弱)送气音:p、t、k、q、ch、c(发送气音时,肺部呼出的气流比较强)不送气音:b、d、g、j、zh、z(发不送气音时,肺部呼出的气流比较弱)PU
20、T THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERE反切变读规律一览表变读条件变读条件变读项变读项举举 例例反切上字反切上字反切下字反切下字被切字被切字g k hg k h齐齿撮口齐齿撮口j q x j q x 呼教切呼教切孝孝z c sz c s齐齿撮口齐齿撮口j q xj q x子亮切子亮切酱酱zh ch sh rzh ch sh r齐齿撮口齐齿撮口开口合口开口合口食邻切食邻切神神b p mb p mU U 介音介音开口合口开口合口彼眷切彼眷切变变全浊声母全浊声母古仄声古仄声不送气不送气皮命切皮命切病病全浊声母全浊
21、声母古平声古平声送气送气度侯切度侯切头头清声母清声母平声平声阴平阴平苦寒切苦寒切刊刊浊声母浊声母平声平声阳平阳平徒干切徒干切坛坛唇音唇音重唇轻唇重唇轻唇轻唇重唇轻唇重唇匹凡切匹凡切番番全浊声母全浊声母上声上声去声去声徒古切徒古切杜杜PUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HEREPUT THE NAME OF YOUR COMPANY HERETHANKS FOR YOUR TIMELorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.NamLobortis lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Nam lobortis