1、Recap Y:crisis,risk,disaster,type,tourism and terrorism,risk and risk perception X:events,tourism industry,people Z:long-term impact on image Management issues2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH1LECTUER 8 SUSTAINABLE TOURISMTOUIRSM:PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICEOutline Learning Objectives Historical background Defini
2、tion of sustainability in general Definition of sustainable tourism Sustainability in tourism Sustainability as a strategy Climate change and tourism Summary Discussion Further Readings Q&A2022-12-313CopyrightLKSTHHistorical Background 2 Movement towards sustainable development2022-12-31CopyrightLKS
3、TH62022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH7The Middle Ages:Roots in agriculture-sustainable yieldLate 19th cent.:First formal signs of concern about the planet Earth-protection societies,national parks1960s：Mass concern for the planet-realizing fragility due to first image of Earth from space2022-12-31CopyrightLKS
4、TH82022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH91970s:-The Club of Rome-Limits to Growth Report;-First UN conference on the human environment1980:The World Conservation Strategybalancing development and conservation1987:The Brundtland Report perception and efforts2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH101992:The Earth Summit-Agenda 2
5、1(action strategy)1997:The Kyoto Protocolreduce greenhouse gases emissions2000:The Millennium Development Goalsto ensure environmental sustainability 2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH112002:The Johannesburg Summitresolutions,interrupted by economic crisis since 20082009:The Conference of Parties-Copenhagen A
6、ccord2012:Doha conference Doha Platform(loss and damage;richer nations roles determined)More information about sustainable development:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmentHistorical Background 3 Tourisms connection with sustainability Inherently connected Because it requires natural/m
7、an-made resources which are major tourist attractions but they are fragile at the same time2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH12Definition of Sustainability 1 Definitions The Bruntland Report(1987)“Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
8、own needs”Basic principle(p.226)*2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH13Definition of Sustainability 2 Definitions(cont)Other definitions Commer(1979):Not no-growth,but within self-perpetuating limits The WCS(1980):Focusing on maintaining essential ecological processes Chourcri(1997):Managing social demands with
9、out eroding life support properties2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH14Definition of Sustainability 4 Sustainability and capital stock 2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH15Figure 10.1 Sustainability and capital stocks2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH17Strong:the individual capital stock sustains!Weak:the total capital stock sust
10、ains!A realistic attitude:the weakDefinition of Sustainability 3 Critiques Vagueness 模糊 and hypocrisy 虚伪 of international organizations hurt the principles and implementation sustainable development Responsibility Whose?Governments vs.Private sectors(short-term needs/vision)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH1
11、8Sustainability of Tourism 1 A depressing picture:a starting point2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH19Economics aspects-competing for factors of production*STEnvironmental aspects-Airlines-real estateenviron.Issues-tourism activitiesSocial-cultural aspects-curiosity-demonstrationWhere there is tourism,there i
12、s Sustainability of Tourism 2 Approaches as our solutions To set limits on growth To change stakeholder behaviors To replace current products(some examples below)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH202022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH212022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH22Photograph 10.1 Ecocamp in Chile.Source:Blaine Harrington II
13、I/Alamy Images2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH242022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH252022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH26Sustainability of Tourism 4 Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont)Thresholds level of tourism impacts beyond which negative impacts(losses)net effects(gains)Carrying capacity Maximum number of people
14、who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in environment and an unacceptable decline of visitors experience quality(Mathieson&Wall,1982)Key ideas:acceptable for whom;tourist presence(p.231)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH27Sustainability of Tourism 5 Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont
15、)Key features Multiple thresholds Short-slab rule Dynamic Hard to determine2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH28Sustainability of Tourism 6 Measurement criteria Tables 10.1(p.239)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH29Sustainability of Tourism 7 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(X of ST)The id
16、ea(Fig.10.2)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH30Figure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capacityyardsticksSustainability of Tourism 8 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Local factors Social structure:scale,complexity Cultural heritage:unusual Environment:fragi
17、le,unique Economic structure:developed,industrialized Political structure:instability,openness Resources:amount2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH32Sustainability of Tourism 9 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Alien factors Tourist characteristics Relative difference Toleranc
18、e level(Fig 10.3,p.237)Type of tourist activity E.g.gambling,special interest groups Planning,management and technology Maximizing benefits More successful lower negative impacts higher carrying capacity End results:Growth+Sustainability=Development2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH33Figure 10.3 The relations
19、hip between tourists,destinations and tolerance levelsFragileRobustSustainability of Tourism 10 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Impacts Parameters Factual,reflecting changes in local/alien factors Standards Subjective,tourists/hosts acceptable limits applied to t
20、he parameters Carrying capacity determination Dynamic(dependent variable),resulting from complex factors and processes Feedback2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH35Figure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capacityyardsticksSustainability of Tourism 11 Sustainable tourism products Application of/
21、solution to ST Examples Eco-tourism Alternative tourism2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH372022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH38Eco-tourismSmall-scaleIndigenous low-key activitiesNatural tourism attractionEnvironmental sustainabilityIndigenous culture sustainabilityEducation/learning opportunitiesAlternative tourismSmal
22、l-scaleIndigenous low-key activitiesSustainability of Tourism 11 Mini case study 10.1 Sustainable tourism in the Srepok Wilderness Area,Cambodia2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH39Photograph 10.2 Endangered animals can benefit from ecotourism.Source:Eye Ubiquitous/Alamy ImagesDiscussion:Is the ecotourism stra
23、tegy likely to be viable?Any long-term dangers?Opportunity costs?Definition of Sustainable Tourism 1 WTO Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future.It is envisaged as leading to management of all reso
24、urces in such a way that economic,social,and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,essential ecological processes,and biological diversity,and life support systems.Based on the Brundtland Report With many variations Stakeholders focused2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH41Sustai
25、nability as a Strategy 1 Regardless of the difficulties,a way forward Recognition of vulnerability of tourism resources Responsibility for all stakeholders(governments,industry,tourists,and hosts)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH42Climate Change and Tourism 1 Background A few observations of climate changes2
26、022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH432022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH44 Scientific proof for global warming2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH452022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH462022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH472022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH48Correlation between CO2 and warming;But correlation is not causation.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH49Climate Change
27、 and Tourism 2 Background(cont)IPCC report Warming of the climate system is certain 0.76 C (19th-21st Cent.)Mostly attributable to greenhouse gaps caused by human activities Tourisms contribution In 2005,5%of CO(40%from aviation;35%other transport modes;25%the rest)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH50Climate
28、Change and Tourism 3 Climate change impacts on tourism Direct Indirect2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH51 Direct climatic impactsChanges of climate-related push and pull factorsCosts for heating,cooling and snowmakingRedistribution of climatic assets among tourism regionsChanges of the length and quality of
29、climate-dependent tourism seasons2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH52ClimateChangesImpacts Indirect impacts from environmental change2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH53ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsThrough environmental changes:Water availabilityWater excessesBiodiversity:20-30%,1.5-2.5 CVector-borne diseaseTourism:attr
30、action,safety,etc.Indirect impacts from societal changeClimate change lower economic growthClimate change political instabilityLower economic growth lower tourism spendingPolitical instability tourism:visitation,provision of services/facilities,public image,etc.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH54ClimateChang
31、esImpactsImpactsStern Report(2006):20%reduction of consumption per capita later this centaury or next Impacts of mitigation polices in other sectorsAbsolute emission reductionCarbon tradingPerception of air travelChanging tourist behaviorRising travel costsPsychological denial of air travel2022-12-3
32、1CopyrightLKSTH55ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsClimate Change and Tourism 4 Impacts on vulnerable destination types Mountains and winter sports destinations Key attractions Snow cover,pristine mountain landscape Climate change impacts Warmer climate less snow coverage The tourism impacts Attractivenes
33、s,frequency/magnitude of natural hazards Snow-based sports tourism industry most affected Fewer snows less resorts;higher operation costs2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH56Snow depth and coverage contrast:Yulong Mountain,Yunan2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH57Snow depth and coverage contrast:Himalaya Range2022-12-31
34、CopyrightLKSTH58A 2007 studyFor the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows that:climate change will produce significant impacts on the ski areas in the European Alps.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH59Rise of temperaturesNumber of naturally snow reliable ski areas404(61%)609(91%)202(30%)
35、2C4CClimate Change and Tourism 5 Impacts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Islands and coastal zones Key attractions Beaches,coral reefs,marine life,etc.Climate change impacts Extreme events,sea-level rise,increased climate variability,changes in ocean circulation,change in natural ecosystems Th
36、e tourism impacts Most vulnerable Extreme events destroying ecosystems fewer attractions Sea-level rise destroying ecosystems,costal erosion,loss of beaches,floods,water contamination,etc.fewer attractions2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH60Maldives in crises!2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH613S Paradise in the India
37、 OceanMaldives in crises!(cont)2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH62150CMNow210020-60 CMWill this happen?Climate Change and Tourism 6 Impacts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Natural and cultural heritage Features Landscape as major attraction Climate changes Sea-level rise Lower biodiversity:less flora a
38、nd fauna The tourism impacts Lower amenity value smaller tourist number A big threat to cultural structures near coasts:e.g.Venice,Italy2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH63Venice under the water?2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH642022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH65Climate Change and Tourism 7 Implication for tourism demand pat
39、terns2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH66Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to climate change Definition An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities Resilience of tourism as a whole Q
40、uick recovery from SARS,Japan tsunami,terrorist attacks,etc.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH67Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to climate change(cont)Warns against optimism Gap between perceptions and realities Sub-sector variations Challenges for new tourism infrastructures The insurability issue2022-
41、12-31CopyrightLKSTH682022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH69Hurricane Katrina:August 23,20052022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH702022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH712022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH722022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH73Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to climate change(cont)Useful strategies Technical:e.g.snowmaking Management of
42、 natural resources:e.g.protected areas Product/market diversification Insurance if possible2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH74Summary We have learnt three key concepts:sustainability,sustainable development,and sustainable tourism.Sustainability in tourism includes various sub-topics:approaches,thresholds/ca
43、rrying capacity,and sustainable tourism products.Tourism is not a major contributor to climate changes,but it is evidently affected by climate changes.Adaptation is a must for tourism industry.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH75Discussion If sustainable development did not affect humans,do we still need it?如
44、果可持续发展不影响人类，我们是否还需要它？To what extent is tourism in China sustainable?Threats?Solutions?中国旅游业在多大程度上是可持续的？有何威胁？对策呢？What can tourists do to promote sustainable tourism?为了推动可持续旅游，游客能够做什么？2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH76Further Readings Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4),2006.Special issue:Tourism and its interactions with climate change.2022-12-31CopyrightLKSTH77Q&A2022-12-3178CopyrightLKSTH
