1、动词不 定 式1概述定义：动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构0102动词不定式的形式：to+动词原形，有时可以不带to。03动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语04动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。05动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper,to speak at the meeting206具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。初 中 英 语 常 用 动词 不 定 式 句 法 如右 图(简 略 描 述，具 体 用 法 如 后 页）3句法作用
2、例句作主语As a student,it is our duty to study hard.The teacher said it is necessary to talk with his mother.作表语The first thing for him is to visit his grandparents.The best way to improve your English is join in an English club.作宾语She wanted to become a teacher.He is learning to swim.作定语I have so many t
3、hings to do today.I cant think of any good advice to give her.作状语He went to the library to borrow some books.Im glad to see you.作宾语补足语She asked me to speak louder.Could you ask the bus driver to wait for five minutes?不 定 式作 主 语 (1)4简述：1.主语为不确定的人称（泛指）时，可以用不定式作主语。2.不定式语结较短时，直接放在句首充当主语；3.不定式语结较长时，通常用“i
4、t”代替不定式作形式主语放在句首，把真正的主语放到句尾。不 定 式作 主 语(2)51.不定式放在句首：不定式作主语，当不定式语节较短时，可以直接把动词不定式放在句首，特别是带疑问词的不定式短语作主语，要经常放在句首。如：To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To get up early is necessary.早起是必要的。To love others is to be loved.爱人即爱己。To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决就意味着失败。To do morning exercises is useful for our health.做早操
5、有利于我们的健康以下是带疑问词的不定式短语作主语：When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。Whether to hold the meeting is unknow.是否开会还不知道。What to do was the matter to be decided first of all.该做什么是首先得决定的事。How to get there needs to be decided by him.怎么去哪儿要由他来决定。重点:动词不定式做主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。不 定 式作 主 语 (3)62.不定式放在句末：通常来说，特别是不定
6、式短语很长的时候，比如很明显可以看出“动词前要比动词后长”，不定式放于句首会显得头重脚轻，此时由it这个代词作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.It is really a challenge that they finish that task in such a short time.It seemed a pit
7、y to refuse his offer.It surprised me to hear him say that.It gives me great pleasure to open this school.It amazed me to hear that you have passed the IELTS.It makes her furious to see animals being cruelly treated.不 定 式作 主 语（3）73.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达：It is quite im
8、portant for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult for those talented students to pass the exam.4.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind,naughty，nice，silly，stupid等描述动作者的性格、品质的)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.2.I
9、t is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.不 定 式作 表 语 (1)81.不定式作表语，通常是说明主语的内容是什么，其性质，特征是什么等等。如：His wish is to be a policeman.他的愿望是当一名警察。He is to marry his loved girl next week.下个星期他就要娶他深爱的那个女孩了。A great deal is yet to do.还有许多事要做。2.主语是不定式(表示条件);表语也是不定式(表示结果)：1）To see is to believe.2）To work means to
10、earn a living.不 定 式作 表 语 (2)93.主语是以aim，duty，hope,idea，job,plan，problem,purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：;例如：1).His aim is to study abroad in the near future.2).The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price.3).What I want to say is to forget all the unha
11、ppy experience.4.“疑问词+不定式”作表语，如：The difficulty is how to cross the river.The question was where to go.What I want to know is whom to invite.What troubles them is how to deal with the situation.不定式作宾语 (1)101.及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care，claim，decide demand,desire,deter
12、mine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake，want,wish等。1)He managed to solve the complicated problem.2)The stranger offered to show me the way.3)Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.2.及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式短语做宾
13、语l 不定式做动词宾语，这是最常见的一种形式。可以后接的这类动词常见的有advise,decide,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。不定式作宾语 (2)11常见的疑问代(副)词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。如：I dont know which car to choose.Did you find out when to pay?Do you know how to explain this in English?
14、l 疑问词+不定式短语作介词宾语，如：They exchanged views on the question of whether to build the building.Bill said something to Cohn about what to do.l 疑问词+不定式短语接在be+形容词结构后，在概念上接近宾语，可以后接这种结构的形容词有sure,certain等。如：We are not sure(We dont know for sure)whether to put off the gathering party.The teacher was not certain(
15、didnt know for certain)where to put the piano.不定式作宾语 (3)123.不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。结构表达：动词(如find,think，consider，feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。1).She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2).We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.4.区别以下不同词组的意思：Stop to do sth.停止正在做的事，转做另外一件事Stop d
16、oing sth.停止正在做的事Go on to do sth.做完一件事后，转做另外一件事Go on doing sth 继续做同一件事Remember/forget to do sth 记住/忘记要做某事Remember/forget doing sth 记住/忘记做过某事不定式作定语131.放在名词或者不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything,no one等修饰词后面作后置定语，形成动宾关系，主谓关系，同位关系。如：1)He is not the man to tell lies.主谓关系2)I have something to say.动宾关
17、系3)We all have a chance to go to college.同位关系2.与被修饰词之间是动宾关系时，如不定式是不及物动词，则动词后需加介词，反之如果是及物动词，则不用。如：1)Can you give me some paper to write on?2)I have no jewelry to wear.3)He is looking for a room to live in.4)He needs a friend to play with.5)There are three pairs of shoes for you to choose from.3.当名词被t
18、he first,the last,the only等词以及形容词最高级修饰时，可以用不定式作定语。如：1)She is the first student to come and the last one to leave.2)She is the most beautiful girl to join in the English club.不 定 式作 状 语 (1)14不定式作状语时，主要用来修饰动词和形容词，也可用来修饰副词。可表示目的，原因，结果或者条件。1）不定式作状语表示目的时，意思是“为了.;以便于.”，常可以与to do,in order to,so as to,so/su
19、ch.as to do连用。如：I cam here to see you.He got up so early not to be late for work.He promised to make all efforts so as to help us.注意：l 不定式作目的状语时，其动作常迟于谓语动词的动作。如：I said that to encourage him.l 作目的状语的不定式之前，常常加上in order或so as，以突出或强调目的的含义。如：I am working hard in order to get a better result.l 如果用于否定，in o
20、rder或so as不能省略，用in order not to do或者so as not to do形式。如：I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby.不定式作状语 (2)15l 不定式作目的状语可转换成so that/in order that或者so.that.引导的目的状语从句。如：He worked very hard to pass the exam.He worked so hard that he could pass the exam.He worked hard so that/in order that he could
21、 pass the exam.2）不定式作结果状语时，一般出现在被修饰动词之前，常用于以下结构：l too.to.意为“太.以至于.”。如：The box is too heavy for me to carry.The exam is too difficult for her to pass.l“not+形容词/副词+enough to do”意为”不够.而不能.”。如：We are not old enough to vote and to be voted.You are not old enough to take care of yourself.l only to do表示意料之
22、外的事情发生。如：He went back home happily only to find his house had been broken into.不定式作状语 (3)16l so/such.as to意为“如此.以至于.”。如：She is so proud as to look down upon others.注意：too.to.中too后面跟的是pleased,glad,anxious,willing,ready等形容词时，不表示否定的概念，而是意为”很、非常“。如：The father was too anxious to see his daughter.The girl
23、 was too ready to cry.3）不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后面作状语表示原因，这些作表语的形容词有：sorry,surprised,pleased,happy,glad,angry,foolish,eager,right,wrong,slow,quick,rude,cruel,disppointed等。如：Im glad/pleased to see you.We were surprised to hear the news.I am sorry to hurt you.He is foolish to tell lies.4）不定式作为独立结构作状语：如：To tell
24、you the truth,I dont agree with you.不 定 式作 宾 语补 足 语 (1)17不定式在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，表示宾语要做某事，补充说明宾语的动作。1.在表示感觉的动词后面作宾语补足语，不定式都不带to.这一类动词有：see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe,look at,listen to,等。I here them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。Did you see him go out?你看见他们出去了吗。I felt some
25、thing crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。2.在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to这一类动词有：make,let,have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式（have没有被动语态）What would you have me do?你要我做什么？She made him give up smoking.她让他戒烟了。Let him do whatever he whishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。不 定 式作 宾 语补 足 语 (2)183.在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider,think,believe
26、,discover,find,imagine,judge,suppose,prove 等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think，consider，find后的to be常可省略。We consider him(to be)a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。He proved that theory(to be)very important.他证明那个理论是很重要的。I thought her(to be)nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。4.在表示情感
27、状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love,like,prefer,hate,want,wish,except等。Id prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。I dont want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。不 定 式作 宾 语补 足 语 (3)195.动词advise,allow,ask,beg,command,tell,invite,force,oblige,get,help,encourage,persuade,permit,remind,request,order,warn,cause 等后面，多接不
28、定式短语作宾语补足语。We dont allow such things to happen again.我们不容许这种事情再发生。Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。She requested him to go with her.她邀请他一同去。6.动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。Im waiting for Jeans to arrive.我正在等詹姆斯的到来。Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the stat
29、ion.他已经安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。重点动词不定式的否定形式:not+动词不定式，如：Tell him not to be late.The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.0102动词不定式可以和what,which,how,where,when等连用。如：Nobody told us what to do next.I dont know where to go.He s
30、howed me how to use the new mobile phone.The question is when to start.03不带to的情况：有两类动词：一类是感官动词，如see,hear,watch,feel,notice等。如：I saw the teacher get out.I heard the birds singing.另一类是使役动词，如let,have,make等。如：Let me go!They made the children work 12 hours a day.20不带to的感官动词和使役动词变为被动语态时要把to加回去。如：make sb d
31、o sth，在被动语态中要用be made to do sth.如：He made me study hard.(主动句）I was made to study hard.(被动句）练习211.The teacher told them make so much noise.A.dontB.notC.will not D.not to2.Mrs.Smith warned her daughter after drinking.A.to eat notB.eating notC.not to eat D.not eating3.The patient was warned oily food a
32、fter the operation.A.to eat notB.eating notC.not to eat D.not eating4.The workers want us together with them.A.work B.workingC.to work D.worked5.They would not allow him across the enemy line.A.to risk going B.risking to goC.for risk to go D.risk going6.I saw him out of the room.A.goB.had goneC.has
33、gone D.goes7.They knew her very well.They had seen her up from childhood.A.growB.grewC.was growing D.to grow8.Ive heard him about you often.A.spokeB.speaksC.speak9.Though he had often made his little sister ,today he was made by his little sister.A.crying;cryingB.cry;to cryC.cry;cry D.to cry;cry10.H
34、e was made .A.goB.goneC.going D.to go练习2211.John was made the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing12.Theres so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind to buy.A.what B.which C.how D.where13.There isnt any difference between the two.I rea
35、lly dont know .A.where to choose B.which to choose C.to choose what D.to choose which14.“Have you decided when?”“Yes,tomorrow morning.”A.to leave B.to be leaving C.will you leave D.are you leaving15.He doesnt know to stay or not.A.whether B.if C.either D.if he will16.She pretended me when I passed b
36、y.A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen17.-The light in the office is still on-Oh,I forgot .A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off18.We agreed here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met19.Little Jim should
37、 love to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking练习题答案（一）1.D 不定式的否定形式是not to+动词原形2.C 不定式的否定形式是not to+动词原形3.C 不定式的否定形式是not to+动词原形4.C 不定式的结构是 to+动词原形5.A 不定式的结构是 to+动词原形，risk后接动名词表示做某事有危险/冒险做某事。6.A see是感官动词，后接不带to的不定式。7.A see是感官动词，后接不带to的不定式8.C hear是感官动词，后接不带to的不定式9.B 不带
38、to的感官动词和使役动词变为被动语态时要把to加回去10.D 不带to的感官动词和使役动词变为被动语态时要把to加回去11.A 不带to的感官动词和使役动词变为被动语态时要把to加回去。练 习 题 答 案（二）12.B 特殊疑问词+动词不定式。按照题意只有which合适，表示哪一个。13.B 特殊疑问词+动词不定式。按照题意只有which合适，表示哪一个。14.A 特殊疑问词+动词不定式（to+动词原形）。15.A 特殊疑问词+动词不定式 whether+to+动词原形表示是否怎么样。16.A 考查短语pretend to do sth假装做某事；其否定结构为pretend not to do sth；故答案选C17.C forget to do sth忘记了要做某事，没做。forget doing sth忘记做过某事，已经做了的。按照题意是没做的。18.C agree to do sth同意做某事，动词不定式做宾语，及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式19.A 动词不定式做宾语补足语，按照题意是被带出去，所以用被动语态。25Thank you!
