1、189151词类（parts of speech）能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词，根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(partsofspeech)。189152英语词类英语词类 十大词类十大词类实词（实词（6）：）：名词名词 动词动词 代词代词 形容词形容词 副词副词 数词数词 虚词（虚词（4）：）：冠词冠词 介介词词 连词连词 感叹词感叹词189153词类词类缩写缩写例词例词用法用法1.名词名词n.John，room主，宾，表主，宾，表2.动词动词v.stand，be谓谓3.代词代词pron.them，everything主，宾，表主，宾，表4.形容词形容词adjgood，i
2、nteresting定，表定，表5.副词副词adv.almost，bravely状状6.数词数词num.nine，first定，表定，表7.连词连词conj.and，but，because,that,while不做成分不做成分8.介词介词prep.near，from,in,on,at不做成分不做成分9.冠词冠词art.a，an，the不作成分不作成分10.感叹词感叹词interj.hello，oh,well不作成分不作成分189154名词：表示某类人，事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称表示某类人，事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称 在句子中作主语，宾语或表语 The bags are on the d
3、esk.I like apples.This is a gook book.主语表语宾语189155动词：表示动作或状态的词汇表示动作或状态的词汇情态动词情态动词助动词助动词实义动词实义动词系动词系动词及物动词及物动词不及物动词不及物动词read teach likerise work gobe动词：am/is/are was/were 感官动词：feel,smell,taste,look,sound变化动词：become,get,turn,grow be,do,does,did,have,has,hadmust,can,could,shall,should.189156实义动词及物动词He
4、is reading a book.Mr.Green teaches us English.不及物动词The sun rises in the east.He works hard.189157系动词The food smells good.The girl is beautiful.The apple looks red.The leaves become yellow.189158代词：代替名词的词代替名词的词We are students of class 16.Tom gives me an apple.Who is there?-It is me.主语宾语表语189159形容词：表示
5、人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词This is a red apple.She told us something interesting.The sun was hot yesterday.Lucy is tall in her class.定语后置定语表语表语1891510副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等的词，以说明动作性质或状态。We should get up early in the morning.The movie is very interesting.Tom often goes to school by bike.状语状语1891511数词基数词：one,two,three
6、.序数词：first,second,thirdI have one book.She is the first in the class.定语定语表语表语189151218915131891514什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!1891515现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语
7、、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)、补语（complement）、同位语。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？1891516 主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is t
8、o believe.They are good friends.1891517谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词短语构成短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.1891518表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式
9、，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.He went mad.Seeing is believing.1891519宾语宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often help
10、s me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good boy.1891520宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当
11、在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I heard my name called.1891521状语状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当，也可由从句
12、来充当He did it carefully.He studied very hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.1891522定语定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语，从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?I
13、 have 5 books.A sleeping boy is sleeping.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.1891523三、同位语：三、同位语：We students should study hard.(students是是we的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学学生生）Li Lei,my brother,came to see me today.(my brother是是Li Lei的同位语）的同位语）1891524一一)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done
14、 his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.1891525(二二)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have tur
15、ned yellow.-He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school student.1891526(三三)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.A beautiful girl is running to us.5.The boy in the clssro
16、om is crying.1891527(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to study hard.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.1891528(五五)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English
17、 when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.1891529 With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.1891530句子成份练习句子成份练习1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our m
18、onitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补18915318.I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9.There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy,they arrived safe.11、The fa
19、ct is very clear that our team will win the game.12.After graduation he will work where he came from.宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语同位语状语状语18915321891533按句子的结构可分三种：按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句。简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mi
20、ke are American boys.They walked,talked and laughed.1891534英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一：（主谓）（主谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）1891535种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestude
21、nts第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh1891536基本句型一基本句型一 此句型的句子有一个共同特此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。定式、状语从句等。1891537i （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.The man4.We all 5.Everybody 6.I 7.They 8.He 9
22、.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,and drink.laughed?woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone1891538基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：词分
23、两类：be,look,feel,smell,taste,soundbe,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,get,grow,become,turn,goturn,go等属另一类，表示变化。等属另一类，表示变化。be be 本身没有什本身没有什么意义么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。1891539（是系动词）（是系动词）(表语表语)1.This 2.The dinner3.He 4.Everything5.He 6.The book 7.The weather 8.His fac
24、e is smells(闻闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary.good.happy.different.tall and strong.interesting.warmer.red.189154018915411891542189154318915441891545 基本句型基本句型 三三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，
25、才能使意思完整。这类动词叫者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。做及物动词。1891546（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.He 8.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 4.He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer?her.English.cakes.some apples.donuts.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.1891547 基本句型基本句型 四四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必
26、须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。1891548（及（及物）物）（多（多指人）指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 8.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 4.He passed cooked brought bought s
27、howed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the bus was late.1891549 基本句型基本句型 五五 此句型的句子的共同特点是：此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾必须加上一个补充成分来补
28、足宾语，才能使意思完整。语，才能使意思完整。1891550（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.1891551 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语
29、，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.1891552（二）（二）1891553 1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓 2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表 3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾 4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+简宾简宾 5
30、.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补 6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓1891554a，b，c，d，e，1，Pleas tell us a story._2,She smiled._3.I have a lot work to do._4.His job is to train swimmers._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.Please look at the picture._daebec1891555 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的
31、宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.1891556并列句并列句 定定 义义 用用 法法 1891557并列句是由并列句是由and,but,or,forand,but,or,for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构单句连在一起而构成的
32、句子。其结构为为:简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句。并列句简单句。并列句是初中英语语法的重点和难点是初中英语语法的重点和难点,也是中也是中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句面掌握并列句,就让我们一起聆听它的就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏四重奏”吧吧!定义定义并列句是由并列句是由and,but,or,forand,but,or,for等并列等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为为:简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句。并列句简单句。并列句是初中英语语法
33、的重点和难点是初中英语语法的重点和难点,也是中也是中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句面掌握并列句,就让我们一起聆听它的就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏四重奏”吧吧!定义定义1891558联合并列句联合并列句 并列连词并列连词:and(和、并且和、并且),其中其中and意为意为“和、又、而和、又、而”，表示动作先后等，表示动作先后等，not only.but also.(不但不但而且而且)等。等。Jim finished his homework and he went to bed.吉姆写完作业吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。就上床睡觉了。Not only
34、I come to school early,but also my teacher does.不但我到校早不但我到校早,而且我的老师也是如此。而且我的老师也是如此。and在表示条件时，可与在表示条件时，可与if引导的肯定条件句转换引导的肯定条件句转换 keep passing the ball to each other,and you”ll be Ok!If you keep passing the ball each other,you”ll be Ok!1891559转折并列句转折并列句并列连词并列连词:but(但是但是),however(然而然而),yet(但是但是),while(而
35、而,然然而而)等。其中等。其中but意为意为“但是、可是、然而、不过但是、可是、然而、不过”，表，表意思转折意思转折。Shes good at English,but her Chinese isnt good.她擅长英语她擅长英语,但语文不好。但语文不好。He worked hard,yet he failed.他努力地干他努力地干,然而失败了。然而失败了。Tom is tall while his brother is short.汤姆个儿很高汤姆个儿很高,而他的兄弟却很矮。而他的兄弟却很矮。Id like to go with you,however my hands are full.
36、我想和你一块儿去我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。可是我忙不过来。1891560 特别提醒特别提醒:though,although(虽然，尽管虽然，尽管)不能不能 与与 but(但是但是)连用。连用。虽然他很累虽然他很累,但是他没有停止工作。但是他没有停止工作。误误:Although he is very tired,but he doesnt stop working.正正:Although he is very tired,he doesnt stop working.正正:He is very tired,but he doesnt stop working.1891561选择并列句选择
37、并列句并列连词并列连词:or(或者或者;否则否则,要不然要不然),either.or.(或者或者或或者者),neither.nor.(既不既不又不又不)等。等。You must tell the truth,or you will be punished.你必须说真话你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。否则你将会受到惩罚。Either you can do it by yourself,or you can ask someone else to do it.你或者自己做你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。或者让别人去做。提醒提醒:“祈使句祈使句+or/and+简单句简单句”也是一个固定句型也是一个固
38、定句型,此句此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句。Work hard,and youll pass the exam.(=If you work hard,youll pass the exam.)努力学习努力学习,你就会通过考试。你就会通过考试。1891562因果并列句因果并列句并列连词并列连词:for(:for(因为因为),),表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。so(所以所以)等。其中等。其中so为为“所以、结果所以、结果”，表因果关系。，表因果关系。That was our first le
39、sson,so she didnt know all our names.那是我们第一堂课那是我们第一堂课,因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。She didnt come to school today,for she was ill.今天她没来上学今天她没来上学,因为她生病了。因为她生病了。提醒提醒:so与与because不能连用。不能连用。因为我有钱因为我有钱,所以我能给自己买很多东西。所以我能给自己买很多东西。误误:Because Im rich,so I can buy myself lots of things.正正:Because Im rich,I
40、can buy myself lots of things.正正:Im rich,so I can buy myself lots of things.18915631.Excuse me.Do you have a table for two?Im sorry,_ there arent any seats now.Would you mind waiting for a while?A.but B.and C.or D.so2.Work hard,_ you will pass the driving test.A.or B.but C.because D.and3.Mike learns
41、 a lot about internet.And _.A.I dont either B.so do I C.so am I D.I am too4.Call a taxi,_ you will miss the train.A.and B.though C.because D.or5.I came to see her,_ she wasnt at home.A.but B.for C.or D.andADBDA18915643）复合句复合句：含有：含有一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句的的句子。复合句包含：句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句（主语（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位
42、语从从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、句）、定语从句定语从句和和状语从句状语从句等。等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.1891565划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.
