1、中考语法用法归纳中考语法用法归纳 代词代词 考点一考点一人称代词人称代词1.人称代词的分类人称主格宾格单数复数单数复数第一人称Iwemeus第二人称youyouyouyou1第三人称hetheyhimthemsheheritit2.人称代词的用法人称代词的用法(1)基本用法a.人称代词的主格在句中作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语。We are middle school students.我们是中学生。I wrote a letter to him last week.上周我给他写了一封信。注意:代词宾格作“动词+副词”短语的宾语时,需把代词宾格置于动词和副词之间。如果代词宾格作“动词+介词”短
2、语的宾语,就要置于介词之后。Here is your coat.Put it on,please.这是你的大衣,请把它穿上。I have to look after her at home today.我今天必须在家照顾她。b.人称代词主格和宾格都可以在句中作表语。在非正式场合中常用宾格;在比较正式的场合中常用主格。Who is it?它是谁呀?Its me.是我。(非正式)Its I.(正式)(2)特殊用法a.人称代词单独使用或用于简略回答时,通常用宾格。Who is going to try?谁来试一下?Me.我。b.人称代词用于 as 和 than 之后,如果 as 和 than 作介词
3、,常用宾格;如果 as 和 than 作连词,常用主格。Im taller than him.我比他高。She is as thin as I am.她和我一样苗条。c.she,he 的特殊用法 she 可以用来代指大地、月亮、国家、车船等。What a beautiful ship!What is she called?多么漂亮的一条船!她叫什么名字?在寓言、故事中常用 she 代指温柔、善良、可爱的动物,而常用 he 代指凶猛的动物。The lion is very proud because he is smart.这只狮子很骄傲,因为他很聪明。d.it 的用法 it 用来指除人以外的一
4、切生物和事物,可指时间、距离、天气、温度、度量等。Whats the weather like today?今天天气怎样?Its sunny.很晴朗。it 可指代上文提到的事物。I like my classroom because it is big and clean.我喜欢我的教室,因为它又大又干净。it 可用来代替指示代词 this 和 that。Whats this/that?这/那是什么?Its an apple.是一个苹果。it 指婴儿或不明身份的人。Is it a boy or a girl?是男孩还是女孩?it 代替动词不定式作形式主语。Its important for u
5、s to work hard.努力工作对我们来说很重要。it 代替动词不定式作形式宾语。I found it easy to work out the Maths problem.我发现算出这道数学题很容易。3.人称代词的顺序几个人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序是:单数:二、三、一;复数:一、二、三。You,she and I will study in a group.你、她还有我将在一个组里学习。We,you and they are all students.我们、你们还有他们都是学生。巧记:人称代词的排列顺序人称代词并列观,注意顺序礼貌见。单数并列二、三、一,复数并列一、二、三。对点集训根
6、据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1._(他)knows a lot about Chinese history.2.To tell you the truth,I dont like _(她).3.I lost my book.Now I am looking for _(它).4.Do _(你)want to have a try?5._(我们)should work hard.6.The box is too heavy.Can you help _(我)?HeherityouWeme 考点二考点二物主代词物主代词1.物主代词的分类人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称my
7、ourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称histheirhistheirsherhersitsits巧记:物主代词分两家,形、名词性各一霸。his,its无变化,my,mine牢记它。其余变化规律化,名词性后加-s。2.物主代词的用法(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。That is our classroom.那是我们的教室。注意:在某些固定短语中,形容词性物主代词要随人称而变化。如:do/try ones best,change ones mind,do ones homework,on ones way to,save ones life 等。(2)
8、名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,可作主语、表语或宾语。This is your rubber.Mine(=My rubber)is in my pencil case.这是你的橡皮。我的在我的铅笔盒里。(3)用于双重所有格中,即“a/an+名词+of+名词性物主代词”。He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。巧记:物主代词的用法物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用。名词性,独立用,主宾表语它都充。对点集训用所给单词的适当形式填空。1._(you)dress is very beautiful.2.The girl in red
9、 is _(she)elder sister.3.I have a dog._(it)name is Strong.4.Thats not my dictionary._(my)is on the desk.5.My computer is cheaper than _(he).6.The gloves are _(their).YourherItsMinehistheirs 考点三考点三反身代词反身代词1.反身代词的单复数形式 人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemselves
10、数2.反身代词的用法(1)作宾语,位于及物动词或介词之后。The boy teaches himself English.这个男孩儿自学英语。Look at yourself in the mirror.对着镜子照照自己。(2)作主语或宾语的同位语,用以加强语气,可以放在主语之后或句尾。John himself did the work.=John did the work himself.约翰亲自做了这项工作。(3)作表语,表示身体“正常”。She is not quite herself today.她今天不是很舒服。注意:反身代词不可作定语,常用“ones own”表示“某人自己的”。T
11、his is my own car.这是我自己的小汽车。3.含有反身代词的一些固定搭配teach oneself自学learn.by oneself 自学enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得开心devote oneself to致力于;献身于come to oneself苏醒say to oneself心里想;自言自语help oneself to随便吃by oneself亲自;独自for oneself为自己;独自的of oneself自动的;自发的dress oneself自己穿衣服hurt oneself受伤;伤害自己对点集训用适当的反身代词填空。1.Please help _ to
12、 some fruit,children.2.They enjoyed _ at the party last night.3.No one helped him.He did it by _.4.Dont worry.The box is not heavy.I can manage it _.yourselvesthemselveshimselfmyself5.She is selfish(自私的).She only cares about _.6.Tom,if you are not careful,you will hurt _.herselfyourself 考点四考点四指示代词指示
13、代词1.指示代词的形式位置单数复数指近处thisthese指远处thatthose2.指示代词的用法(1)作主语、宾语或表语。This is a chair.(作主语)这是一把椅子。I have read that in a newspaper.(作宾语)我已经在某份报纸上读过那个了。What I want is this.(作表语)我所想要的就是这个。(2)this 可以用来介绍某人。Hello,Tim.This is Jack.你好,蒂姆。这是杰克。(3)在电话用语中,用 this(我)介绍自己,用 that(你)询问对方。Hello!This is Bob(speaking).Whos
14、that?你好!我是鲍勃。你是哪位?(4)that 和 those 可以用在比较结构中,以避免重复。that 代替前面提到的单数名词或不可数名词;those 代替前面提到的复数名词。注意,this 和 these 不能用来代替前面提到的事物。The population of China is larger than that of Russia.中国的人口比俄罗斯的人口多。拓展:在疑问句的回答中,用 it 代替 this 或 that;用 they 代替 these 或 those。Whats this?这是什么?Its a toy plane.这是一个玩具飞机。Are these your
15、 flowers?这些是你的花吗?No,they arent.不,这些不是。对点集训根据汉语意思完成下列句子。1.嗨,鲍勃。这位是杰克。Hi,Bob._ is Jack.2.那些不是我们的书。_ are not our books.3.我不喜欢那个人。I dont like _ man.4.这些礼物都是给你的。_ gifts are all for you.ThisThosethatThese5.这个单词是什么意思?What does _ word mean?6.乡村的空气比城市的空气清新。The air in the country is cleaner than _ in the city
16、.thisthat 考点五考点五疑问代词疑问代词1.常见的疑问代词及其基本用法疑问代词基本用法例句who作主语、表语或宾语(作宾语时,不能位于介词后面)Who are you waiting for?你正在等谁?whomwho的宾格形式,作宾语With whom did you go?你和谁一起去的?whosewho的所有格形式,作主语、表语、宾语或定语Whose book is it?这是谁的书?what作主语、表语、宾语或定语What is he doing?他正在做什么?which作主语、表语、宾语或定语 Which one is bigger?哪一个更大?2.疑问代词 who,whom
17、 和 whose 的用法(1)who 意为“谁”,在句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Who is she?她是谁?She is my mother.她是我妈妈。(2)whom 意为“谁”,在句中只能作宾语。作动词的宾语时,可以与 who 互换;但作介词的宾语且位于介词之后时,只能用 whom。Whom did they invite?他们邀请谁了?With whom did you celebrate your birthday?你和谁一起庆祝了你的生日?(3)whose 意为“谁的”,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语或定语。Whose socks are these?这些是谁的袜子?They are
18、 mine.这些是我的。3.疑问代词 what 和 which 的用法what 意为“什么”,which 意为“哪一个”,它们都可以单独使用,也可以放在名词之前。在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。What are you doing?你在干什么?Which animals do you like better,lions or pandas?你更喜欢哪种动物,狮子还是熊猫?对点集训用适当的疑问代词填空。1._ do you prefer,this one or that one?2.Weve lost all our money._ should we do?3._ wallet is this
19、?Is it yours,Jack?4._ are you waiting for?Mary.5._ is the girl over there?Shes my sister.WhichWhatWhoseWhom/WhoWho6._ are your parents?They are teachers.What 考点六考点六不定代词不定代词不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫作不定代词,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。不定代词分为普通不定代词和复合不定代词。1.普通不定代词主要有:some,any,both,all,another,other,each,either,neither,non
20、e,one(s),a few,few,a little,little,many,much 等。2.几种常见的普通不定代词的用法辨析(1)one与ones单词用法例句one用来代替上文出现过的同类单数名词,以免重复,可以指人,也可以指物。其前可以用 the,this,that,which 等词修饰Are there any science labs?有一些科学实验室吗?Yes,there is one behind the library.有,在图书馆的后面有一个。ones用来代替同类复数名词。其前可以用 the,these,those,which 等词修饰The only jokes I te
21、ll are the ones that I hear from you.我所讲的笑话都是从你那儿听到的。注意:it,one 和 that 都可以用来代替上文提到的单数人或物,但 it 指同一事物;one 指同名异物,并且前面可以有修饰词,只代替可数名词单数;that 指同一类,并非同一个,常用于代替不可数名词。(2)some 与 any相同点单词用法例句修饰可数或不可数名词some一般用于肯定句中There are some boys playing football.有一些男孩正在踢足球。在征求意见的疑问句中或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,常用 someWould you like some
22、 water?你想喝些水吗?Do we need to buy some meat?我们需要买一些肉吗?相同点单词用法例句修饰可数或不可数名词any一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中There isnt any meat in the fridge.冰箱里没有肉了。注意:1.在否定句中 not any 的意义相当于 no。There isnt any(=is no)water in the bottle.这个瓶子里一点儿水都没有。2.some 用于可数名词单数前,表示“某个”。Some careless man has taken my umbrella.某个粗心大意的人拿走了我的伞。(3
23、)both,all,neither,none,either 与 any之一都都不适用范围两者eitherbothneither三者或以上anyallnone固定短语both.and.(连接两个主语,谓语动词用复数)either.or.(连接两个主语,谓语动词遵循“就近原则”)neither.nor.(连接两个主语,谓语动词遵循“就近原则”)例句All children like toys.所有的孩子都喜欢玩具。None of us like comedies.我们中没有人喜欢喜剧片。Here is only one ticket.Either of you can watch the foot
24、ball match.这里只有一张票。你们两个人中只有一个人能观看足球赛。注意:1.both 和 all 作同位语时,放在 be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。We both come from England.我们俩都来自英国。They were all happy.他们都很高兴。2.both 和 all 都可以和 of 连用。of 后是名词时,of 可以省略;of 后是代词宾格时,of 不能省略。Both of us want to go.我们两个都想去。Are all of the students(=all the students)here today?今天所有的学生都到
25、了吗?3.both 和 all 与 not 连用时表示部分否定,意为“并非都”。Both my parents are not teachers.我的父母并非都是老师。Not all the students agree with you.并非所有的学生都同意你的观点。(4)little,a little,few 与 a few很少;几乎没有(表否定)几个;一点儿(肯定)修饰可数名词fewa few修饰不可数名词littlea little例句Dont worry!There is a little time left.别着急!还有一点儿时间。He has a few friends here
26、,but he has few good friends.在这里他有几个朋友,但是几乎没有好朋友。注意:only,quite 和 not 可以与 a few 和 a little 连用,但不能与 few 和 little 连用。only a few 意为“只有几个”,only a little 意为“很少”;quite a few 意为“相当多”,quite a little 意为“相当多”;not a few 意为“相当多”,not a little 意为“许多”。(5)other(s),the other(s),another概念泛指剩下的一部分(不用the)特指剩下的全体(要用the)成
27、分作主语/宾语作定语(其后加名词)作主语/宾语作定语(其后加名词)数单数anotheranother bookthe otherthe other book 复数othersother booksthe othersthe other books注意:another 后可接“基数词+名词”,表示“又、再”,相当于“基数词+more+名词”。They suggested we stay in Shanghai for another two weeks(=two more weeks).他们建议我们在上海再待两个星期。(6)many 与 much单词含义用法many许多修饰可数名词many 和
28、much 可以与副词 so,too,as,how 连用There are too many people in the square.广场上的人太多了。How much did your coat cost?你的大衣多少钱?much修饰不可数名词注意:many 后可以接不定冠词 a 或 an 再加单数可数名词,谓语动词用单数,但意义和 many 加复数名词相同。Many a student has failed.=Many students have failed.许多学生失败了。3.复合不定代词-one-thing-bodysome-someonesomethingsomebodyany-a
29、nyoneanythinganybodyevery-everyoneeverythingeverybody no-no onenothingnobody(1)一般情况下,由 some 构成的复合不定代词用在肯定句中;由 any 构成的复合不定代词用在疑问句和否定句中;由 no 构成的复合不定代词表示否定意义。I have something to tell you.我有事要告诉你。I cant see anything.我什么也看不见。Theres nothing I can do.我什么也做不了。(2)形容词或else修饰不定代词时,通常位于不定代词之后。Do you want anythi
30、ng else?你还想要其他的东西吗?(3)由 any 构成的复合不定代词与 not 连用,相当于由 no 构成的复合不定代词。There is not anything(=nothing)in that box.那个盒子里没有什么东西。(4)no one 可以用于回答 who 引导的疑问句,不能回答 how many 引导的疑问句。Who knows the answer to the question?谁知道这个问题的答案?No one.没有人(知道)。(5)由 every 构成的复合不定代词与 not 连用,表示部分否定。Not everybody likes watching TV.并
31、非人人都喜欢看电视。(6)由 one 和 body 构成的复合不定代词之后可以加-s 构成所有格。He just found someones wallet.他刚刚发现了别人的钱包。注意:由 one 和 body 构成的复合不定代词的意义和用法相同,可以互换。对点集训选词填空。1.Would you like _ coffee?(some/any)2.There are a _ mistakes in your exercises.(few/little)3.There are trees on _ side of the street.(either/both)4.Here are two books.You can only take _ of them.(one/it)somefeweitherone5.These two dresses are not my style.Please show me _ one.(another/other)6.The Maths problem is too difficult._ can work it out.(Everybody/Nobody)anotherNobody