1、复合句之宾语从句复合句之宾语从句句子的句子的种类种类根据作用分根据作用分A 陈述句陈述句：B 疑问句疑问句 C 祈使句祈使句D 感叹句感叹句 一般疑问句一般疑问句 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句 反意疑问句反意疑问句 what感叹句感叹句How感叹句感叹句肯定陈述句，否定陈述句肯定陈述句，否定陈述句根据结构根据结构分分简单句简单句并列句并列句：复合句复合句状语从句状语从句宾语从句宾语从句定语从句定语从句表语从句表语从句主语从句主语从句同位语从句同位语从句并列，转折，选择，因果并列，转折，选择，因果宾语从句的句法功能宾语从句的句法功能v1、作动词的宾语、作动词的宾语vTell your
2、 son that watching TV too much is bad for his eyes.v2、作介词的宾语、作介词的宾语vIt all depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow.v3、作系表结构的宾语、作系表结构的宾语vI am sure that he will come soon.宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句考点宾语从句考点v1.时态时态 v2.连词连词(引导词引导词)v3.语序语序1.主句时态为现在主句时态为现在2.主语时态为过去主语时态为过去3.特殊情况特殊情况1.that2.if/whether3.特殊疑问词特殊疑问词陈述句陈述
3、句v1.that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句v由由that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。从连引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。从连词词that无实际意义，不在从句中充当任何成。无实际意义，不在从句中充当任何成。I dont think(that)there will be time to do it.v我认为没有时间做这件事了。我认为没有时间做这件事了。Many people believe(that)robots will do most our work.v许多人相信机器人会做我们的大部分工作。许多人相信机器人会做我们的大部分工作。v2.whether/if引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句vwheth
4、er/if引导的从句大多由一般疑问句直引导的从句大多由一般疑问句直接引语变化而来。接引语变化而来。whether/if在从句中不作，在从句中不作，但含有但含有“是否是否”之义，在句中不可省略。之义，在句中不可省略。vI ask them whether/if they would win the match.vDo you care whether/if you win?vHe asked me whether/if Miss Li was a teacher.v只用只用whether不用不用if的情况的情况v引导介词后的宾语从句时。引导介词后的宾语从句时。vIt depends on whe
5、ther it will snow tomorrow.vI am interested in whether he likes English.v与与or not连用时。连用时。vI asked your secretary whether she could come or not.vLet me know whether he has passed the exam or not.v有些动词，如有些动词，如discuss,doubt等后的宾语从等后的宾语从句常用句常用whether引导。引导。vWere discussing whether we should group these th
6、ree companies.vI doubt whether he will keep his promise.v宾语从句前置，置于句首时。宾语从句前置，置于句首时。vWhether they can come here on time,we dont know.vWhether they will join in the camp,I dont care.v与不定式连用时。与不定式连用时。vI really dont know whether to accept or refuse.vNext Monday the teacher will tell us whether to have a
7、 test.v在这里要注意在这里要注意,whether to do 在句中做宾语在句中做宾语，并不是宾语从句。，并不是宾语从句。v3、疑问词引导的宾语从句、疑问词引导的宾语从句v宾语从句可以由连接代词宾语从句可以由连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which等引导，它们在宾语从句中充当等引导，它们在宾语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。v宾语从句可由连接副宾语从句可由连接副when,where,how,why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可以省略。以省略。vDo you know wh
8、o will come this afternoon?v连词作主语连词作主语vI dont know whom you should depend on.v连词作宾语连词作宾语vI dont know what it is.v连词作表语连词作表语vCould you tell me which gate we have to go to?v连词作定语连词作定语vI wonder whose bike it is.v连词作定语连词作定语vHe didnt tell me when the traffic accident had taken place.v连词时间状语连词时间状语vYour co
9、at looks very nice.Could you tell me where you bought it?v连词作地点状语连词作地点状语vIt is hard work.I wonder how you finished it in two days.v连词作方式状语连词作方式状语vPlease explain why you are late again.v连词作原因状语连词作原因状语v注意：注意：v连接代词一般表示疑问，但连接代词一般表示疑问，但what除了表示疑除了表示疑问外，也可以表示陈述。问外，也可以表示陈述。vI dont know what he did.vI belie
10、ve what he told me.v1.Wang Hai told me_(how/why)he didnt go hiking yesterday afternoon.v2.Can you tell me_(who/whom)else is going to be on duty today?v3.She said_(that/if)it wouldnt matter much.v4.He always thinks_(how/who)he can do better.v5.I really dont know _(how long/how soon)the bridge will be
11、 finished.whywhothathowhow soonv6.They dont know _(when/what)we are going hiking.v7.She wanted to know_(when/if)her coat would be ready the next day.v8.I was really surprised at_(what/where)I saw.v9.I dont know_(how/why)so many people are crowding round him.v10.Do you know_(whose/whos)shirt it is?wh
12、enifwhatwhywhose二、时态二、时态v宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态v“宾从宾从”时态怎么办？根据主句来判断；时态怎么办？根据主句来判断；主句主句现在，从随便；主句过去，从变换；现在，从随便；主句过去，从变换；“主从主从”动动词同发生，词同发生，“过去进行过去进行”从句中；从句中；“宾从宾从”动作先动作先发生，发生，“过去完成过去完成”时态用；时态用；“宾从宾从”动作后发动作后发生，生，“过去将来过去将来”时态用；时态用；“宾从宾从”表达是真理，表达是真理，“一般现在一般现在”代代“过去过去”。以上规则记心里，时态以上规则记心里，时态呼应没问题。呼应没问题。主句现在，从随便主句现在，
13、从随便1.Mary says she _(come)back soon.2.He says that he often _(play)football after school.3.I hear that they _(watch)a game now.4.Do you know if he _(be)to Beijing ever?5.I dont remember where he _(buy)the book yesterday.will comeplaysare watchinghas beenboughtv主句过去，从变换主句过去，从变换v“主从主从”动词同发生，动词同发生，“过去进
14、行过去进行”从句中；从句中；vHe said that he was reading at that time.v“宾从宾从”动作先发生动作先发生,“过去完成过去完成”时态用；时态用；vI told him that I had had dinner already.v“宾从宾从”动作后发生，动作后发生，“过去将来过去将来”时态用；时态用；vWe thought that we would meet him soon.v“宾从宾从”表达是真理，表达是真理，“一般现在一般现在”代代“过去过去”vThe teacher said that the earth _(go)round the sun.
15、vEveryone knew that there _(be)sixty minutes in an hour.goesare三、语序三、语序v所有从句中的语序都是陈述句语序，除倒装所有从句中的语序都是陈述句语序，除倒装句外。句外。1.Does her aunt live in Paris?(Im not sure)I am not sure if her aunt lives in Paris.2.Who will come to join us?(Do you know)Do you know who will come to join us?3.My son has a cold.(sh
16、e said)She said that her son had a cold.v注意一下句子的语序。注意一下句子的语序。vWho went Beijing with you?vWhat is the matter with you?vWhat is wrong with you?vWhat happened to you?v上面的句子语序都是陈述语序，上面的句子语序都是陈述语序，Who和和what是句子的主语。是句子的主语。v1.当主句的谓语动词是当主句的谓语动词是know,learn,forget,remember,decide,ask,tell,show,teach等后面带特等后面带特殊
17、疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也须一致这时殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成从句可以简化成“疑问词不定式结构疑问词不定式结构”。vI dont know which sweater I should buy.vI dont know which sweater to buy.vCould you tell me how I can get to the park?vCould you tell me how to get to the park?vI havent decided whether I will go to the party.vI havent de
18、cided whether to go to the party.v2.当句子满足一下条件，从句的否定往往体当句子满足一下条件，从句的否定往往体现在主句中：现在主句中：vA:主语是第一人称主语是第一人称vB:时态必须是一般现在时时态必须是一般现在时vC:主句谓语动词表示观点，看法等词，如：主句谓语动词表示观点，看法等词，如：think,suppose,guess,believe,expect,consider。我认为我不会按时到达。我认为我不会按时到达。I think that I wont arrive on time.I dont think that I will arrive on t
19、ime.I dont think that you can do it,_?We dont believe the news is true,_?He thinks English is very useful,_?He didnt think the news is true,_?We think we will win the game,_?I suppose father is sleeping,_?I dont think you are right,_?can youis itdoesnt hedid hewont weisnt heare you3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气宾语从句中的
20、虚拟语气v虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。v建议建议 suggest、advise、propose;v要求要求demand、desire、request；v决定决定 decide;命令命令 order、command、require;坚决主张坚决主张 insist;v等动词后跟宾语从句，用等动词后跟宾语从句，用(should)+vv1.He suggested that we(should)mee
21、t at8:00 in the morning.v2.Tom insists that the work(should)befinished on time.v3.The boss ordered that all the employees(should)work harder.二、定语从句二、定语从句v在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句。在树下的那个女孩是我的妹妹。在树下的那个女孩是我的妹妹。The girl who is under the tree is my sister.The girl is my sister.主句主句
22、who is under the tree.从句从句The girl who is under the tree is my sister.先行词先行词 连词连词从句从句The girl who is under the tree is my sister.The girl is my sister.主句主句who is under the tree.从句从句The girl who is under the tree is my sister.先行词先行词 连词连词从句从句连词的作用：连词的作用：1.连接先行词和从句；连接先行词和从句；2.连词替代先行词；连词替代先行词；3.连词在从句中充当
23、句子成分；连词在从句中充当句子成分；定语从句的连词定语从句的连词先行词先行词主语主语宾语宾语所有格所有格人人Who/thatWhom/that Whose事物事物Which/that Which/that Whose人人+事物事物 thatthat1.thatvThat 可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中充可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语。作宾语时可以省略。当主语、宾语。作宾语时可以省略。vViews _ are entirely new may also be hard to accept.vWe need a person _ is right for the job.vThe
24、 picture _ we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.thatthat(that)2.whichvWhich一般指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾一般指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语。作宾语的关系代词语。作宾语的关系代词which可以省略可以省略.vThe river _ runs through the center of the city was polluted seriously.vThe house _ I bought from a business is worth.vThe story _ he told
25、was very popular.whichwhich(which)3.who/whomv二者都用于指人。二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、在定语从句中作主语、宾语；宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语的关在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语的关系代词系代词who，whom可以省略。可以省略。vHe is a great writer _ won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.ve.g.:Her sister married a man _vshe met on a plane.who(who/whom)vwhom在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词
26、在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到提到whom前面时，不能用前面时，不能用who代替：代替：vThe person _ you just talked to is Deep.vThe person to _ you just talked is Deep.vThat is the classmate _ I study with.vThat is the classmate _ I study.who/whomwhowhomwho/whomwith whom v注：当先行词为注：当先行词为one,ones,anyone 或或those 时，这些不定代词往往指人，定语从句中的关时，这些不定代词
27、往往指人，定语从句中的关系代词用系代词用who。God helps those who help themselves.The ones who brake the laws will be punished.Anyone who wants to successful always has a strong belief.4.WhosevWhose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示先行词和从句中名词之间是所属作定语，表示先行词和从句中名词之间是所属关系。关系。vDo you know the girl whose Japanese is excell
28、ent?vId like a room whose window looks out over the sea.v1.Anyone _ agrees with what I said may put up you hands.v2.April 1st is the day _ is called April Fools Day in the west.v3.The family _ had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.v4.The house _ we live in is very old.v5
29、.Did you see the man _I talked with just now？who which that that whom v关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，一般不可关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。常用的关系副词有省略。常用的关系副词有when，where，why等。选择哪一个关系副词要看其前面的先行。等。选择哪一个关系副词要看其前面的先行。关系副词关系副词先行词先行词在从句中充当的在从句中充当的成分成分Where表示地点的名词表示地点的名词 地点状语地点状语When表示时间的名词表示时间的名词 时间状语时间状语WhyReason原因状语原因状语when引导定语从句引
30、导定语从句vwhen指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。它指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为的先行词通常为time，day，week等表示时间等表示时间的名词。的名词。April the first is the day _ people make fun of others.I still remember the time _ I first travelled by plane.whenwhen vwhere引导的定语从句引导的定语从句vwhere指地点，在定语从句中作状语。它的指地点，在定语从句中作状语。它的先行词常为先行词常为place，house，country等表示等表
31、示地点的名词。地点的名词。vLast year my parents went to the farm _ they worked 30years ago.vKeep the books in a place _ you can find them easily.wherewherevwhy引导的定语从句引导的定语从句vwhy指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，它指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为的先行词通常为reason。vI know the reason _ she left you.vPlease tell me the reason _ she is crying so b
32、adly.whywhyv注：当先行词表示地点，时间，原因是，连注：当先行词表示地点，时间，原因是，连接定语从句的关系词一定是关系副词吗？接定语从句的关系词一定是关系副词吗？vI will never forget the days _ we spent.vI dont believe the reason _ he told me.vThat is the place _ he called at last year.vThis was the time _ he arrived.vThis is place _he works.vNobody knows the reason _ he is
33、 late.whenwherewhythatthatthat定语从句的注意事项：定语从句的注意事项：v一一.定语从句中的主谓一致。定语从句中的主谓一致。vThe man who _(have)an umbrella in his hand _(be)my uncle.vThe train which _ just _(leave)is for Shenzhen.vThe number of people that _(come)to visit this city each year _(reach)one million.hasishasleftcomereachesv当关系代词在从句中作主
34、语时，从句谓语动当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定词的单复数由先行词决定.v“One of+复数可数名词复数可数名词”充当先行词时，充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；v“the only/very/right one of+复数可数名复数可数名词词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。单数形式。vTom is one of the students who were awarded.vTom is the only one of the students who was awarded.
35、二二.定语从句中只能用定语从句中只能用that作关系代词的情况。作关系代词的情况。vHave you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?vAll that can be done has been done.vHe stayed in the library and looked up some information that they needed.1.当先行词是当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something 除外除外),all,none,few,little,some不定代不定代词时，或当先行词受词时，或当先
36、行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。等不定代词修饰时。vThe first thing that my brother is going to do this afternoon is to study physics.vI have found the best way that could finish the test.vThe first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.vThis is the best film that I have ever seen
37、.v2.先行词时序数词或者形容词最高级或者被先行词时序数词或者形容词最高级或者被其修饰时其修饰时.vHe was watching the children and parcels that looked so strange.vJack took photographs of the things and people that he was interested in.vhey talked about the persons and things that they remembered at schoolv3.先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时。先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时。
38、vThis is the very dictionary that I want to buy.vAfter the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owns.vThis is the very dictionary that I want to buy.v4当先行词被当先行词被the very,the only,the same修饰时。修饰时。vWho is the man that is standing by the gate?vWhich is the T-shirt that fits me most?v
39、Who is the person that is standing at the gate?vWhich is the bike that you lost?5.当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。等疑问代词时。v三三.在以下情况中关系代词只能用在以下情况中关系代词只能用which/whom。vThe school _ he once studied in is very famous.vThe school _ he once studied is very famous.vThis is the boy _ I played tennis with yesterd
40、ay.vThis is the boy _ I played tennis yesterday.in which wherewhomwith whom vGreat changes are taking place in the city _ they live.vGreat changes are taking place in the city _ they live.vThe reason _ he refused the invitation is quite clear.vThe reason _ he refused the invitation is quite clear.vS
41、hanghai is the city _ I was born.vShanghai is the city _ I was born.where in which whyfor which wherein which v四、当先行词本身就是四、当先行词本身就是that时，关系代词只时，关系代词只能用能用which。v vI dont like that which he did.vWhat is that which is on the ground?状语从句状语从句状语从句：在主从复合句中，充当状语的从句状语从句：在主从复合句中，充当状语的从句叫做状语从句。叫做状语从句。时间时间状语从句状
42、语从句原因原因状语从句状语从句结果结果状语从句状语从句目的目的状语从句状语从句条件条件状语从句状语从句让步让步状语从句状语从句比较比较状语从句状语从句状语从句状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句连词连词(引导词引导词)1.when,while,as2.until,till3.before,after4.since5.hardly.when no sooner than as soon as 1.when,while,asv这三个词通常表示主句的动作和从句动作这三个词通常表示主句的动作和从句动作同同时时发生，且常表示过去发生的动作。发生，且常表示过去发生的动作。when表示表示时间点或时间段时间点或
43、时间段1.When he was a child,he always tried out some new ideas.2.When we were having lunch,he arrived.3.When she came into my room,I was just reading a book.4.When he called me up,I arrived.vwhile 只能表示只能表示时间段时间段1.While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.2.While Jim was mending his bike
44、,Lin Tao came to see him.3.While I was in Beijing,I visited many interesting places.4.While Tom was in England,he learnt some English.vas 基本等同于基本等同于when，可以表示，可以表示时间点时间点也可也可表示表示时间段时间段。1.As we were talking on,he got more and more excited.2.Just as he caught the ball,there was a tearing sound.3.The stu
45、dents were taking notes as they were listening.当主从句主语一致时，常表示一边当主从句主语一致时，常表示一边 ,一边一边.v如果从句动作和主句动作同时发生，并且从如果从句动作和主句动作同时发生，并且从句动作为延续性动词句动作为延续性动词 时，时，when，while，as 可以互换使用。可以互换使用。vas,when 引导短暂性动作的动词引导短暂性动作的动词1.When/While/As we were dancing,a stranger came in.2.As/when I stopped my car,a man came up to me
46、.3.As the time went on，the weather got worse.从句表示从句表示“随时间推移随时间推移”连词能用连词能用as，不用，不用when 或或while。v注：注：当主从句动作发生有当主从句动作发生有先后先后时，连词只能用时，连词只能用when。当我到达车站时，火车已经离开了。当我到达车站时，火车已经离开了。When I arrived at the station,the train had left.若动作发生在过去，根据动作的先后判断时态。若动作发生在过去，根据动作的先后判断时态。当他回来时，我会告诉你的。当他回来时，我会告诉你的。When he com
47、es back,I will let you know it.若动作发生在将来，时态遵循主将从现。若动作发生在将来，时态遵循主将从现。2.until,tillv肯定形式表示的意思是肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某做某事直至某 时时”，动词必须是延续性的。，动词必须是延续性的。vI slept till he called me up.v我一直睡到他给我打电话。我一直睡到他给我打电话。v否定形式表达的意思是否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某直至某时才做某 事事”,动词常为非延续性动词。动词常为非延续性动词。vI didnt go to sleep until he called me up.
48、v直到他给我打电话，我才去睡觉。直到他给我打电话，我才去睡觉。till，until的区别的区别vI slept till he called me up.vI didnt go to sleep until he called me up.v当主语表示当主语表示肯定肯定时，时，till和和until可以互换可以互换，但，但主语表示主语表示否定否定时，只能用时，只能用until。vI slept till he called me up.vI didnt go to sleep until he called me up.vuntil he called me up,I didnt go to
49、sleep.vuntil可用于句首，而可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首通常不用于句首v在在not until引导的时间状语从句中，可以引导的时间状语从句中，可以将将not until 提至句首，句子发生倒转。提至句首，句子发生倒转。vI didnt go to sleep until he called me up.vI did not go to sleep until he called me up.Not until he called me up did I go to sleep.Not until the work is done will he go home.He wont
50、 go home until the work is done.当当not until 提至句首，主句倒装，从句不倒装。提至句首，主句倒装，从句不倒装。3.before,aftervbefore,after 连接主从句时，主从句的动作连接主从句时，主从句的动作有明显的先后顺序。如果动作发生在过去，注有明显的先后顺序。如果动作发生在过去，注意看下面的句子。意看下面的句子。在我看完电视后，我就去睡觉了。在我看完电视后，我就去睡觉了。After I had watched TV,I went to bed.在我睡觉前，我看完了电视。在我睡觉前，我看完了电视。Before I went to bed,
