1、高考英语中国文化元素考点素材一、长城(The Great Wall)The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, its just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, He who
2、doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the Great Wall until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, wa
3、s mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一如果你到了中国却没去过长城,就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔,或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样人们常说:“不到长城非好汉”实际上,长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙,直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城然而,今天我们看到的长城东起山海关,西至嘉峪关大部分都是在明代修建的二、饺子(Dumplings)Dumplings are one of the Chinese peoples favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese
4、 legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing
5、, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. Theres an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious
6、custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明饺子的制作是包括: 1) 擀皮2) 备馅3) 包馅水煮三个步骤其特点是皮
7、薄馅嫩,味道鲜美,形状独特,百食不厌民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语中国人接亲待客逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗,寓意吉利对崇尚亲情的中国人来说,“更岁交子”吃饺子,更是欢度除夕辞旧迎新必不可少的内容 三、筷子(Chinese Chopsticks)The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancie
8、nt Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone o
9、f chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or ones own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Weste
10、rners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization. 中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年筷子古时称为箸,它看似简单,但却同时具有夹拨挑扒拌撮戳撕等多种功能中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物,如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同,成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明【拓展1】The Story of Chopsticks(1) 筷子的故事Chopsticks are used every day in China.Now Id like to take thi
11、s opportunity to share their interesting history with you.I think youll agree that even an ordinary item used in daily life can have a fascinating story.Although chopsticks originated in China, they are widely used in many Asian countries.The first chopsticks were made from bone and jade.In the Spri
12、ng and Autumn period, copper and iron chopsticks came into being.In ancient times, the rich used jade or gold chopsticks to display their wealth.Many kings and emperor s used silver chopsticks to see if their food had been poisoned.Chopsticks are traditionally placed in brides dowries,because chopst
13、icks in Chinese is pronounced kuaizi, which sounds like get a son soon.Many foreign friends try to use chopsticks when they visit China.Even the former president of the United States Richard Nixon, used chopsticks at the welcoming banquet held in his honor.As soon as he left his table, a foreign dip
14、lomat grabbed his chopsticks as a historical souvenir.中国人每天都在使用筷子现在我想借这个机会和大家一起聊一些有关于筷子历史的有趣故事我想你会赞同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也会有其引人入胜的故事虽然筷子起源于中国,但现在很多的亚洲国家都在使用最早的筷子是用骨头和玉制成的在春秋时代又出现了铜制和铁制的筷子在古代,富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以显示其家庭的富有许多帝王用银制的筷子以检查他们的食物中是否被人投了毒筷子在传统上是被当作 新娘的嫁妆的,因为“筷子”在汉语中读作“kuaizi”,听起来很像“快得儿子”许多外国朋友在访问中国的时候都使用筷子甚至
15、是美国前总统尼克松在为其到来而举办的欢迎宴会上也使用了筷子他刚一离开桌子,一名国外的外交人员就抓起了他的筷子,把它作为了具有历史意义的纪念品【拓展2】The Story of Chopsticks(2) 筷子的故事In ancient China, chopsticks signified far lore than tools that take food to the mouth; they also signified status and rules, “can”and ”cant”.During the Northern Song Dynasty, an official named
16、 Tang Su once had dinner with the emperor. He was not well informed in noble table etiquette and so laid down his chopsticks horizontally on the table before the emperor did. As a result, he was expatriated to a frontier area for penal servitude.In ancient eating etiquette, there were over a dozen t
17、aboos concening chopsticks. For example , they could not be placed vertically into a dish, as this was the way of making sacrifices to the dead.在古代中国,筷子不仅仅是把食物送到口中的餐具,它被赋予了重要的内涵和“能”和“不能”的规矩北宋朝时,一个叫唐肃的官员陪皇帝进膳他不了解用餐时使用筷子的礼仪,在皇帝还没有吃完时,他把筷子横放在桌子上,表示他不想再吃了结果这位官员被发配边疆在古代的饮食礼仪中,筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多种比如,忌将筷子竖直插入菜盘或
18、饭碗中,因为这代表为死人上坟四、中国功夫(Chinese kung fu)Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese
19、 king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing ones spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, a
20、nd emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow b
21、oxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中国功夫即中国武术,是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目,承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化其核心思想是儒家的中和养气
22、之说,同时兼容了道家释家的思想中国武术源远流长流派林立拳种繁多,讲究刚柔并济内外兼修,蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟后世所称十八般武艺,主要指:徒手拳艺,如太极拳形意拳八卦掌等;器械功夫,如刀枪剑戟斧钺钩叉等【拓展】Chinese Kung Fu is magnificent and profound but its unfortunate that a lot of it has not been passed down.Taijiquan can make you feel at peace. In addition to emphasizing matching the movement
23、s with your breathing, it is good for your health too.The primary reason for practicing kung fu is for health reasons. Defense is of secondary importance and hurting others is abolutely unacceptable.中国功夫博大精深,可惜有很多已经失传了太极拳可以使人心境平和,加上它注重呼吸配合动作,对身体也有好处练武的主要目的在于锻炼身体,其次是防身,至于用来伤人是万万不可以的There is much more
24、 to Kung Fu than Jackie Chan or Bruce Lee. Kung Fu is an art form, and also, very good for you.功夫并不只是指成龙或李小龙,它是一种艺术形式,而且对你很有好处Many styles of Kung Fu are based on the ideas of nature. Ancient boxing masters often developed their fighting techniques by observing the world around them. Animals, birds,
25、and insects provided the basis for many systems of Kung Fu developed in the past.很多功夫招式来源于对自然界的想象古代拳术大师常常通过观察他们周围的世界改进拳术技法动物鸟类和昆虫为过去很多功夫的系统发展提供了基础Many of the hard forms of Kung Fu came from a Buddhist Monastery called “Shaolin”. An Indian priest named Tamo came to live there nearly 1500 years agou.
26、According to legend, Tamo arrived at the monastery where he found the monks in poor physical condition. Because they couldnt stay awake during meditation, Tamo introduced a series of 18 exercise designed to feed both body and mind. These movements are said to have merged with self-defense tactics st
27、udied in the Shaolin Temple.很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺庙大约1500年前,有个叫达摩的印度僧人来到这里传说他来到寺庙,发现那里的和尚身体状况很不好因为他们在坐禅时候不能保持清醒,达摩就传授给他们一套十八手拳法,目的是锻炼他们的身心据说这些动作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身术I suggest a soft form of Kung Fu, called Tai Qi. It comes from Taoism and its very good for your health. Through its training, you can get inner pe
28、ace and a sense of physical and emotional well being. Its often called Chinese Yoga: the art and science of meditation through movement.我建议你学习一种温和的功夫,叫太极拳它源于道教,对你的健康非常有好处通过这种训练,你能达到内心的平和,以及身体和情绪上的安宁舒适它经常被人们称作中国瑜伽:通过运动达到沉思冥想的一种艺术和科学五、汉字(Chinese characters)Chinese characters were initially meant to be
29、 simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on b
30、ones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outs
31、ide and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “-“ (the horizontal stroke) “” (the vertical stroke), “/”( the left-falling stroke), “” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning str
32、oke). 汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画,经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音形意韵的独特文字现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文,被认为是现代汉字的初形此后,汉字又经历了金文隶书楷书草书行书等不同的阶段汉字结构“外圆内方“, 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念汉字有五种基本笔画,即:横竖撇捺折六、秧歌舞(Yangko)Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and ligh
33、t costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-nort
34、hern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装,他们的表演动作有力迅速在农历春节元宵节等节日期间,人们一旦听到锣鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演近年来,中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队,队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康,同事他们也乐在其中七、针灸(Acupuncture)Acupun
35、cture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the bodys yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the i
36、nternal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patients body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patients acupoints so as to
37、stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine
38、, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”针灸是中医学的重要组成部分按照中医的经络理论,针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络调和气血,来达到阴阳归于平衡,使脏腑趋于调和之目的其特点是“内病外治”主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位,或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位,以达到刺激经络治疗病痛的目的针灸以其独特的优势,流传至今并传播到了世界,与中餐功夫中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”八、中国龙(Chinese Dragon)Dragon totem worship in China has
39、been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural
40、 fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年中国龙是古人将鱼蛇马牛等动物与云雾雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步在中国人的心目中,龙具有振奋腾飞开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神 九、中国印章(Chinese Seal)A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and pri
41、vate seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The ma
42、king of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to re
43、present signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of Chinas unique artworks. 印章就是图章中国历代官私所用的印章有印信朱记合同符契等等不同的称谓,而帝王所用的印章古时称玺印宝章等据史料记载,印章在战国时代已普遍使用印章的制作是将篆隶等字体图像用阴阳的形式雕刻而成,形状以圆方为主印章用朱色 钤盖,除日常应用外,又多用于书画题识,逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一 十、京剧(Chinese Beijing Opera)Praised as “Oriental Oper
44、a”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of p
45、erforming arts-song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).京剧被誉为
46、“东方歌剧”, 是地道的中国国粹它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧,特别是南方的“徽班”到了19世纪末,京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种京剧是综合性表演艺术,集唱(歌唱)念(念白)做(表演)打(武)舞(舞蹈)为一体,通过程式化的表演手段,叙述故事,刻画人物角色主要分生(男性)旦(女性)净(男性)丑(男性女性皆有)四大行当 【拓展】Beijing Opera京剧Beijing Opera of China is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.Facial masks are an important way to portray a
47、character.Each role,according to their sex,age and disposition,is characterized by different designs of facial make-up(facial mask).In Peking Opera, femal roles are “Dan”. Male roles are “Sheng”. And clowns are”Chou”.Present-day designers are also borrowing from the Beijing Opera for their work.京剧是中
48、国的国粹,迄今已经有200多年的历史脸谱是塑造人物形象的重要手段每个角色都会按照他们的性格年龄个性,在脸上画不同的脸谱在京剧中,女性的角色被称作“旦”,男性的角色被称作“生”,小丑被称作“丑”当代服装设计师也从京剧服装中吸取灵感十一、中国成语(Chinese Idioms)Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make
