1、1、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。（1）主格用来作句子的主语、表语。I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物)Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？)Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？)Its he!(是他！)（2）宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)Help me!(救救我！)We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)（3）人称代词作表语或者放在比较
2、状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。Its I/me.(是我。)（4）三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youheI”的顺序表达。Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？)Youand me.(你和我)（5)人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。-Whats t
3、he time?(几点啦？)Its 12：00.(12点)Its a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路)It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)2、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。（1)形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。Isthatyourumbrella?(
4、那是你的伞吗？)I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)They are their books.(是他们的书)(2)名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。Thisisyourcup,butwhereismine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)(3)“of +名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。A f
5、riend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)3、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。(1)反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)(2)在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。The
6、 story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)4.指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。Whats this?(这是什么？)/That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) /Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) /Do the same as the teacher tells you.
7、(按老师说的做)/-Who is it?(是谁？)-Its me!(是我！)5.关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词1、关系代词who 、which、 that 、whom、whose、as 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。Doyouknowthemanwhoiswearingaredhat?(你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？
8、)3、关系代词which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。Haveyoufoundthebookwhichyoulostseveraldaysago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗？)4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗？)6.连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。英语中连接代词主要有：what,who,whom,which,whose7.疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代
9、词。1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。Who(m)didyouinvitetoyourbirthdayparty?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的？)/Whatdoesshewanttobewhenshegrowsup?(她长大了想干什么？)2、who 和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语；而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,
10、也可以与名词构成疑问短语。Who is that man?(那男的是谁？)What colour are their hats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色？)Which car was made in Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的？)(被动句)3、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里？)What is that? (那是什么？)What are those? (那些是什么？)What colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色？)8.
11、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything1、some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。I have some work to do today
12、. (今天我有些事情要做)They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？)any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。They didnt have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？)any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here
13、with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)2、no和none的用法：no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) /They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) /I have many b
14、ooks, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)3、all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识)-Wouldyoulikethisoneorthatone?Both.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。)all和both既可以修饰名词(all/bo
15、th+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。All (of) the boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮)4、every和each用法：every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前5、either和neither的用法：either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；
16、neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行)-Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)6、other、the other和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式
17、。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？)I want another four books.(我还要四本书)another(另外的,再一,
18、又一)与the other(另外的一个)主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。Thisisoneofyoursocks.Whereistheotherone?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？)I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)others与the others的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。A few students are playing soccer while oth
19、ers are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看)Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)7.many和much的用法：many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。I dont have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失)
20、We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)They havent got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做)There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)8、few、little、a few、
21、a little的用法：few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ,few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物,little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。)Dont worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。)In that polar region there li
22、ve few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人)You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)9、复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中,anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的
23、定语,应放在它们的后面。Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。)Did you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗？)He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)10、one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。Whichjacketwouldyoulike,thisoneorthatone?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件？I do
24、nt like the green ones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些)11、so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。I dont think so.(我认为不是这样的。)He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)12、a lot of、lots of、a number of(/large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的区别：五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”。a lot of(或lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many；plenty of“足够、大
25、量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,
26、因为我有充足的时间。)I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写)I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)13、none、no one、nobody的区别：no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。)None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)
