Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility Grammar and usage (ppt课件) -2023新牛津译林版(2020)《高中英语》选择性必修第四册.pptx

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1、XB4 Unit 1Grammar and usage01020304概述方法应用要点状语从句概述状语从句概述定义定义状语从句用作状语,是起副词作用的句子。状语从句用作状语,是起副词作用的句子。位置位置状语从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,时间、条状语从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,时间、条件、原因和让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号和主句隔开。件、原因和让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号和主句隔开。分类分类根据其作用可以分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、让步、根据其作用可以分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、让步、结果、方式和比较等状语从句。结果、方式和比较等状语从句。作用作用

2、它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。01020304概述方法应用要点010203时间状语从句 when while as before after since until/till notuntil (1)when,while,as引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句when从句谓语动词为延续性或非延续性动词,主从句动作可以同时发从句谓语动词为延续性或非延续性动词,主从句动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。生,也可以先后发生。while从句谓语动词为延续性动词或表示状态的词,强调主从句动作同从句谓语动词为延续性动词或表示状态的词,强调主

3、从句动作同时发生。时发生。as从句谓语动词一般为延续性动词。主从句动作同时发生或交替进从句谓语动词一般为延续性动词。主从句动作同时发生或交替进行,意为行,意为“一边一边,一边,一边;随着;随着”。(2)before,after引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句before和和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。before引导的从引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后,如果从句是过去时,主句一般要用过去句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后,如果从句是过去时,主句一般要用过去完成时。完成时。after引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之前,如果主

4、句用过去引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之前,如果主句用过去时,从句要用过去完成时。时,从句要用过去完成时。After he had worked in the factory for ten years,he went abroad.他在这家工厂工作了他在这家工厂工作了10年后就出国了。年后就出国了。before表示表示“在在之前;还未之前;还未就就;趁着;趁着”,常用于以下句型中:,常用于以下句型中:It will be long before.(得过好久才得过好久才)It will not be long before.(过不了多久就过不了多久就)It was long before.

5、(过了好久才过了好久才)It was not long before.(过了不久就过了不久就)My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲刚好在信到之前去加拿大了。我父亲刚好在信到之前去加拿大了。It will be four days before they come back.他们要过四天才能回来。他们要过四天才能回来。It wont be long before we know the result of the experiment.我们很快就会知道实验结果。我们很快就会知道实验结果。(3)since引

6、导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句since引导时间状语从句时,当从句谓语动词用一般过去时时,主句的谓语动引导时间状语从句时,当从句谓语动词用一般过去时时,主句的谓语动词一般用现在完成时。词一般用现在完成时。I have been in Beijing since you left.自从你离开以来,我一直在北京。自从你离开以来,我一直在北京。(4)until/till/not.until引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句till和和until一般情况下可以互换一般情况下可以互换(till一般不放句首一般不放句首),但是在强调句型中多用,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语

7、动词是非延续性动词,必须用否。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是非延续性动词,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,用肯定或否定形式都可以,定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。但表达的意思不同。He waited for his father until/till it was twelve oclock.他一直等他父亲到十二点。他一直等他父亲到十二点。Tom can not go to the cinema until he finishes cleaning the bicycle.汤姆要把自行车擦干净才能去看电影。汤姆要把自

8、行车擦干净才能去看电影。注意:not until的倒装句的倒装句由由 not until 引导的时间状语从句位于句首时,引导的时间状语从句位于句首时,主句主句应部分倒装,从句语序应部分倒装,从句语序不变。不变。Not until 1998 did he return to his hometown.直到直到 1998 年他才回到家乡。年他才回到家乡。Not until Father came back did we begin to have supper last night.昨晚直到父亲回来,我们才开始吃晚饭。昨晚直到父亲回来,我们才开始吃晚饭。not until用于强调句型用于强调句型当

9、当not until引导的状语或状语从句用于强调句型时,句子引导的状语或状语从句用于强调句型时,句子(或主句或主句)不用倒装。不用倒装。如将上述两句改为强调句应为:如将上述两句改为强调句应为:It was not until 1998 that he returned to his hometown.It was not until Father came back that we began to have supper last night.the moment the minute the second the instant directly immediately instantly

10、 hardly/scarcely when no sooner than040506时间状语从句(5)the moment,the minute,directly,immediately,instantly,the instant,as soon as等用作连词,引导时间状语从句等用作连词,引导时间状语从句I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。As soon as I reach Canada,I will ring you up.我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。我一到加拿大,

11、就给你来电话。(6)hardly/scarcely.when.一一.就就.,no sooner.than.一一.就就.等引导时间状语等引导时间状语从句从句当当hardly(scarcely,rarely).when.,no sooner.than.引导时间状语从句时,引导时间状语从句时,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly,scarcely,rarely和和no sooner位于句首时,位于句首时,主句主句应用倒装语序。应用倒装语序。He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to star

12、t on another journey.他刚到家,就被要求开始另一旅程。他刚到家,就被要求开始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to get to work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻触摸了一下。他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻触摸了一下。Hardly

13、 had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。我刚坐下,他就进来了。by the time the first time07时间状语从句(7)by the time引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。By the time you came back,I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已

14、经写完这本书了。到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。By the time you come here tomorrow,I will have finished this work.你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。the first/second/third.time从句用完成时句型It is/was the first/second/third.time that+现在完成时/过去完成时0102原因状语从句 because as since now that considering that given that seeing that3.原

15、因状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句指在句中用来说明主句原因的从句。引导原因状语从句的从属原因状语从句指在句中用来说明主句原因的从句。引导原因状语从句的从属连词有连词有because(因为因为),as(由于由于),since(既然既然),now(that)(既然既然),seeing(that)(由于,鉴于由于,鉴于),considering(that)(考虑到考虑到),given(that)(考虑到考虑到)等。等。The woolly shrank because it was washed badly.这件毛衣因为洗涤的方法不好而缩水。这件毛衣因为洗涤的方法不好而缩水。Since(As)we

16、have no money,we cant buy it.由于我们没钱,我们不能购买它。由于我们没钱,我们不能购买它。Now(that)you are here,youd better stay.你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。原因状语从句原因状语从句连词连词用法用法例句例句becausebecause 引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句的后面,because引导的从句位于句首时要用逗号将从句和主句分开;位于句末时,可不用逗号。because表示直接原因,语气最强,可用于回答 why引导的疑问句。The boy made a lot of mistakes in his h

17、omework because he did his homework as he watched TV.这个男孩在家庭作业中犯了许多错误,因为他一边看电视一边做作业。-Why did you miss the train?你为什么错过了火车?-Because I got up late.因为我起晚了。sincesince引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之前,表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”),较为正式,语气比because 弱。seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),in that等与since引导原因状语从句时的意思相近,都表示“既然”。

18、Since it is raining outside,we shall not go to the park.由于外面正在下雨,我们不会去公园了。Now that we have got the good news,lets go and celebrate it.我们既然已经得到了那个好消息,就让我们去庆祝一下吧。Considering(that)everybody is here,lets begin our discussion.既然大家都到了,我们就开始讨论吧。asas引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明双方已知的原因,语气比 since 弱。Education has always be

19、en a hot topic among parents as it is directly related to the future of their children.教育一直是家长之间的热门话题,因为它直接关系到他们孩子的未来。for和上述三个从属连词不同,它是一个并列连词,连接的是并列句。for连接的句子并不是主句行为发生的直接原因,只是提供一些辅助性的补充说明或表示推测。for连接的句子一般位于句末,并且通常用逗号隔开。We should be more careful,for it is already dark.我们应更小心些,因为天已经黑了。注意注意010203让步状语从句

20、although though while as even if even though as if as though no matter+wh-Wh-+ever4.让步状语从句让步状语从句(1)although与与though引导让步状语从句,不能与引导让步状语从句,不能与but连用,但可以与连用,但可以与yet/still连连用。用。Although/Though they are poor,(yet)they are warmhearted.他们虽然穷,但很热心。他们虽然穷,但很热心。(2)even if或或even though引导让步状语从句,意为引导让步状语从句,意为“即使,纵然

21、即使,纵然”,用来使人,用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。注意下文所强调内容的性质。Ill get there even if/though I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.即使我得卖掉房子才能弄到足够的钱坐飞机去,我也要去那儿。即使我得卖掉房子才能弄到足够的钱坐飞机去,我也要去那儿。(3)no matter后接后接who,what,where,how等疑问词引导让步状语从句,也可等疑问词引导让步状语从句,也可以在这类疑问词后面加上以在这类疑问词后面加上-ever构成构成whoever,whatever,wher

22、ever,however等。但在引导名词性从句时只能用等。但在引导名词性从句时只能用“疑问词疑问词-ever”类词。类词。Dont trust him,no matter what/whatever he says.不管他说什么,都不要相信他。不管他说什么,都不要相信他。I will eat whatever you give me.你给我什么我就吃什么。你给我什么我就吃什么。(4)as引导让步状语从句,需将从句中的引导让步状语从句,需将从句中的表语、状语表语、状语以及谓语中的以及谓语中的实义动词实义动词提提前至从句句首,引起倒装;作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词,冠词需省去。前至从句句首,引起

23、倒装;作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词,冠词需省去。though引导的从句可以倒装,但引导的从句可以倒装,但although引导的从句不可以倒装。引导的从句不可以倒装。Child as(though)he is,he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子,却知道很多。尽管他是个孩子,却知道很多。Much as I like it,I wont buy.虽然我很喜欢它,但我不会买。虽然我很喜欢它,但我不会买。Try as he would/might,he couldnt lift the heavy box.尽管他尽力了,他还是抬不起那个沉重的箱子。尽管他尽力了,他还是抬不起那个沉重的箱子。(

24、5)while引导让步状语从句,意为引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管尽管”,比,比though/although语气弱。语气弱。while引导的让步状语从句一般要位于引导的让步状语从句一般要位于句首句首。While(Although)they were total strangers,they got on well together.尽管素未谋面,但他们相处融洽。尽管素未谋面,但他们相处融洽。0102目的状语从句 so that in order that in case(句中)in case(句首)5.目的状语从句目的状语从句常用引导词:常用引导词:so that,in order that,

25、in caseHe got up early so that/in order that he could catch the early train.他起得早目的是能够赶上早班火车。他起得早目的是能够赶上早班火车。名师指津名师指津目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词(如如can/could,would,should等等)连用,否则可能是结果状语从句,不可置于句首。连用,否则可能是结果状语从句,不可置于句首。so that so that such that0102结果状语从句6.结果状语从句结果状语从句 as as if as though0102方式状语

26、从句When in Rome,do as the Romans do.as if/though+虚拟语气(did/were/had done)方式状语从句方式状语从句连词连词用法用法例句例句as意为“如同,按照的方式”,引导的方式状语从句常位于主句之后。Reputation serves to virtue as light does to a picture.名声之于品格,犹如光之于图画。as if/as though表示“仿佛,好像”,引导的方式状语从句多用虚拟语气,表示与现在情况相反的假设用一般过去时,表示与过去情况相反的假设用过去完成时;有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能

27、性较大。I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.此情此景,犹如发生在昨天,我记忆犹新。(与现在事实相反)The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him.这个受伤的男人行动起来好像他身上什么都没发生过似的。(与过去事实相反)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气可能很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大)if unless once as/so long as on condition that in

28、 case0102条件状语从句03 suppose supposing providing provided assuming8.条件状语从句条件状语从句l常用引导词:常用引导词:if,unless,so/as long as只要只要,in case,once,on condition that,只要只要 providing/provided that(如果)(如果),suppose/supposing that(假(假如)如)等等l时态:主将从现时态:主将从现You can use my bike as long as you return it on time.你可以用我的自行车,只要你能

29、按时归还。你可以用我的自行车,只要你能按时归还。连词连词用法用法例句例句unless意义上相当于ifnot。因此,在某些场合,unless引导的肯定条件状语从句可以与if引导的否定条件状语从句互换。Unless you change your mind,I wont help you.=If you dont change your mind,I wont help you.如果你不改变主意,我就不会帮助你。so/as long as,on condition(that)意为“只要”,on condition(that)引导的条件状语从句是主句中谓语动词所表示的动作发生的前提条件。As lon

30、g as you form the habit of learning English every day,you will conquer English sooner or later.只要你养成每天学习英语的习惯,你迟早会征服英语。They agree to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.他们同意把汽车借给我们,条件是我们在周末前归还。only if/if onlyonly if意为“只有”,引导的条件状语从句用陈述语气,引导条件状语从句置于句首时,主句要用倒装结构;if only意为“

31、但愿,要是就好了”,引导的条件状语从句要用虚拟语气。Only if you have persistence can youachieve success.只有坚持不懈,你才能取得成功。-I was caught in the rain and got wet all over.我被雨淋了,全身都湿透了。-If only you had taken an umbrella!要是你带一把伞就好了!in case(that)in case(that)引导条件状语从句时,多位于主句之前,意为“假使,万一”;从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。In case you cant fulfil the task

32、 in time,be sure to let me know.如果你不能及时完成任务,务必让我知道。(not)asas not so as.than0102比较状语从句03the more,the more比较状语从句比较状语从句连词连词用法用法例句例句Asas/not so(as)as第一个as是副词,为“如此”的意思,在主句中说明所比内容的程度;第二个as可看作连词,引导从句。He works as hard as his brother does.他学习和他哥哥一样努力。The work is not so difficult as you imagine.这工作不像你想象的那么困难。

33、than意为“比”。You look younger than you are.你看起来比你实际上要年轻。比较状语从句的谓语动词如果与主句的谓语动词一致,且为行为动词时,常用do(does,did)代替,以免重复。We have produced more coal this year than we did last year.我们今年生产的煤要比去年生产的多。She drives better than her husband does.她车开得比她丈夫好。状语从句的省略状语从句的省略在表示时间、条件、让步等的状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同或从句的主语是it,从句的谓语又含有b

34、e的某种形式时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词,从而构成“从属连词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词/名词/介词短语/不定式”结构。If(it is)possible,please look up the word in the dictionary.如果可能的话,请在词典里查阅那个单词。He is a good man,though sometimes(he is)rather dull.他是个好人,尽管有时很愚钝。While(I was)passing by the supermarket,I met my friend.路过超市时,我遇见了我的朋友。Unless(I am)invited,I

35、wont take part in the activity.除非有人邀请,否则我不会参加那个活动。地点状语从句地点状语从句地点状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的地点状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向,这类从句通常由方向,这类从句通常由where,wherever等引导,从句可以放等引导,从句可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。在主句前,也可以放在主句后。where指指“在在地方地方”,wherever指指“在任何在任何地方地方”。Where there is supply and demand,there is commerce.哪里有供需,哪里就有商业。哪

36、里有供需,哪里就有商业。01020304概述方法应用要点句型句型句意句意时态时态01020304概述方法应用要点单句语法填空单句语法填空/完成句子完成句子The train left _ he had time to dash in to take back his bag.It is ten weeks _ he posted his application form to the company.However,he hasnt got any reply.How long do you think it will be _ the car factory launches a new m

37、odel?The little girl was about to go to school _ something serious happened to her.beforesincebeforewhenExercise 1单句语法填空单句语法填空_ there is a will,there is a way._ he is young,he is experienced._ you are free today,you had better help me with my mathematics.Tired _ she is,she goes on working.You should

38、nt get angry just _ some people speak ill of you.WhereWhile/AlthoughSinceasbecauseExercise 2单句语法填空单句语法填空/完成句子完成句子Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.You must try to hold the tool _ I do.My hometown is as beautiful _ Hangzhou.The more we can do for you,_.为你们做得越多,我们就越感到高兴。为你们做得越多,我们就越感到高兴。thatasasthe happier we will beExercise 3You will fail to arrive there in time _.如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。Well sit nearer the front _.我们坐得靠前一点,以便于我们听得清楚一点。我们坐得靠前一点,以便于我们听得清楚一点。unless you start earlierso that we can hear better

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