1、语言学教程考研胡壮麟版2021考研真题库第_部分考研真题精选一、填空题1. Chomsky proposes that the course of Ianguage acquisition is determinedby a（n）language faculty.（中山大学 2018 研）【答案】innate查看答案【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。2. refers to the role language plays in communication （e.g. to expressideas, attitudes） or in particular socia
2、l situations （e.g. Religious, legal）. （ d匕二 外2016研）【答案】Function查看答案【解析】本题考查语言学中对语言的功能的定义。功能指的是语言在 沟通中（例如表达观点、态度）或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logicalor intrinsic connection between a particular sound and theit isassociated with.（人大 20
3、07 硏）【答案】meaning查看答案解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系,所以两者之间的关系是任意的。4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true orfalse. The utteranee of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called.（大连夕卜国语学院 2008 研）【答案】performative查看答案【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情
4、况，且不能验 证其真假。5. Phonetics is the study ofsounds that the human voice is capable ofcreating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.（北京邮电大学 2015 硏）【答案】speech查看答案【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学硏究语音的发生、传递 和感知。音系学硏究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表 达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
5、6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the formeris concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned withof words.（中山大学 2017 研）【答案】combinations查看答案【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal u
6、nits of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language.or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.7. One of the important distinctions in linguis
7、tics isand performance.（人大2006研）【答案】competence查看答案解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识,语言应 用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammaticalrole in the sentence we say that it undergoes.（中山大学 2018 硏）【答案】inflection SS答案【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加屈折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格 等来表示某词语法关系的变化
8、。9. is said of the study of development of language and languages overtime.（北二外 2016 研）【答圣】Diachronic查看答条【解析】本题考查历时性的定义。语言的历时性指语言随时间的延续而引 发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的,共时性语言学是研究理论 上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的_个”状态”,不管正在发生哪些变化。10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes theto vibrate.（中山大学2018研）【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量
9、来源的。在大多数情况下,气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。11. is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable ofcreating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.（北京邮电大学 2016 研）【答案】Phonetics查看答
10、案【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学硏究语音的发生、传递 和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学硏究的是说话人为表 达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is function.（北二外 2015 硏）【答案】phatic查看答案【解析】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是语言最基本的一项功能
11、。 人们用寒暄语来营造一种气氛或保持社会联系而非交流信息。人们使用寒暄语就是 为了缓和谈话双方的关系,同时使谈话双方从心理上得到满足。13. Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of principally transmitted by vocal sounds（中山大学 2017 研）【答案】symbols查看答案【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication.14. Syntax is th
12、e study of how words combine to make sentences The orderof words in sentences varies from Ianguage to language English language, for instanee, generally follows aorder, as in the sentence The dog(subject) bit (verb) the man (object).(北京邮电大学 2016 研)【答案】SVO查看答案【解析】本题考查英语句子的语序。英语句子的基本语序是主谓宾结构。15. is th
13、e name for oppositeness relation.(北二夕卜 2015 硏)【答案】antonymy查看答案【解析】本题考查反义的语义关系。反义关系就是相反的语义关系。16. Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (18571913) was the first to noticethe complexities of language He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas,must be part of a system of signs,
14、calledconventions. He held that the sign is the union of theand the signified.(北京邮电大学2015研)【答案】sounds, signifier查看答案【解析】本题考查关于语言作为符号系统的观点。他认为语言是一个符号 系统,声音只有作为该符号系统的一部分才能被视作语言。符号包括两方面，能指 和所指。17. is the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from thespeaker s immediate situation.(北二夕卜 2016 硏
15、)【答案】Displacement查看答案的表达来讲,人类语言的使用是不受时空限制的，可以用于涉及真实的或者想象的, 过去的、现在的或将来的事情。这不同于动物语言”,因为大多数动物的语言 需要即时刺激控制O18. The most serious defect concerns the use of semantic markers like(Human) and (Male), which, more usually called semantic components are elements of an artificial.(北京邮电大学 2014 硏)【答案】metalanguage
16、查看答案解析】本题考查成分分析的弊端。通过语义特征来进行成分分析的一大 弊端是这些意义特征使用的是人工化的元语言，元语言本身的含义也需进一步解釋。19. refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the numberor gender of the noun or pronoun it relates to.(中山大学 2017 硏)【答案】Agreement查看答案【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or
17、more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syn tactic relatio nship with one ano the shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).20. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified intowords andwords.(南开大学 2007 研)【解析】从词所
18、表达的意义划分,词可分为词汇词和语法词。21. When we consider how Ianguage has changed over time we are lookingat it from apoint of view.（中山大学 2017 硏）【答案】diachronic查看答案【解析】 When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states
19、of language over decades or centuries.22. The sound p can be described with , bilabial, stop.（北二夕卜 2015研）【答案】voiceless查看答案【解析】本题考查音系学的相关知识。p啲语音特征可以被描述为清辅音, 双曆音，塞音。23. Atypically contains a cons on ant or set of con sonants followed by avowel followed by another cons on ant or set of cons on ants.（中
20、d_| 大学 2018 研）【答案】syllable查看答案解析】音节是超音段硏究中的一个重要单位。音节必须有一个”节核” 或者韵峰，通常由元音来承担，但有时也可以由具有成音节特征的辅音来起节 核的作用,通常在节核的前后还可以有辅音丛的出现。24. Theis the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannotbe divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（北二夕卜 2015
21、硏）【答案】morpheme查看答案【解析】本题考查词素的含义。词素是最小的音义结合体，其最大的特点 是不能再被分割为更小的音义结合体。意思或语法功能的最小单位。25. The type of stress which distinguishes words such as /transpot/ from/tranpDt/ is known asstress.（中山大学 2018 研）【答案】word查看答案【解析】单词重音是指一个单词内部重读音节和非重读音节的语调模式。26. Arefers to each position in a tree diagram in TG where lin
22、es meetIn each of these positions is a symbol for a grammatical category.（中山大学 2018 研）【答案】constituent查看答案【解析】成分，作为一个术语，指的是用于句子结构分析的一个语言单位, 它是一个比其更大的语言单位的一部分。几个成分共同构成一个结构体。27. According to Saussure,refers to the concrete utterances of aspeaker.（北二夕卜 2016 研）【答案】parole查看答案【解析】本题考查言语的概念。根据索绪尔的观点，言语指的是语言
23、的实 际应用，是具体的个人的动态的语言现象,不同于语言，语言是全民的、概括的、 有限的、静态的系统知识。28. Voicing refers to theof the vocal folds.（北二夕卜 2016 研）【答案】vibration查看答案【解析】本题考查辅音发音过程中的清浊特征的定义。若发音过程中，声带振动，则为浊辅音，反之则为清辅音。29. is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship betweenphonology and morphology（南开大学 2007 研）【答案】Morphophon
24、ology查看答案【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关 系。30. Byz we mean the property of having two levels of structures, suchthat units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （ d匕二 外2014硏）【答案】duality查看答案解析】二重性是指两层结构
25、的属性。底层结构是上层结构的组成成分, 每层都有自身的组合规则。31. Edward Sapir （1884一1939）, American linguist and anthropologiststudied linguistics and anthropology at Columbia University with the noted anthropologist and ethnologist Franz Boas. His idea on language thought was later developed by his student, B. L. Whorff and kn
26、own as the Sapir-Whorf.（北京邮电大学2016研）【答案】Hypothesis查看答案【解析】本题考查萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。该假说是由萨丕尔和沃尔夫两人提 出的关于语言和人的思维之间的关系。32. The sound k can be described with velar stop/plosive.（北二外2014研）【答案】voiceless查看答案【解析】k属于清辅音，爆破音，软腭音。33. words are often avoided because they are unacceptable in manysocial situations.（中山大学 201
27、8 研）【答案】Taboo查看答案解析】禁忌语是指在某些情况下避免使用令人难堪的词。禁忌语或者是 完全避免使用,或者是用委婉语代替。34. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least fiveparameters, namely, phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and（北京邮电大学2015硏）【答案】pragmatic查看答案【解析】本题考查语言学的五个主要方面。语言学的五个主要方面关注语 音音系，形态,句法，语义和语用。35. concerns the con sequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.（北二外2014硏）【答案】Perlocutionary act查看答案解析】取效行为是通过说话完成或通过说话所产生的行为,是由话语所带来的结果和变化。
