1、完形填空完形填空题主要有两种形式：fixed-ratio cloze 和 modified cloze。Fixed-ratio cloze是完形填空最初所采用的形式，它要求“每隔几个词随机去掉一个词”，即使这个词是专有名词也毫不含糊。Modified cloze 是在 fixed-ratio cloze 的基础上发展起来的，与其不同的是，Modified cloze 要求去掉其一特定词类或任何一个我们希望去掉的词。Modified Cloze 又可分为 MC cloze,Bank Cloze,C-cloze 和 Open cloze。MC Cloze是指每题给出一组选项（一般为3或4个）的完形
2、填空题；Bank cloze 是指“各题给出同一组选项的完形填空题”；C-cloze 是指“将空缺处单词去掉几个字母的完形填空题”；Open cloze则是指“去掉短文中的某些单词，但不给出选择项的完形填空题。现在，因各种不同的原因，大家都倾向于使用MC cloze。完形填空完形填空（Cloze）又称综合填空，是标准化出题方式的一种常用形式，其理论基础是格式塔心理学，格式塔心理学强调知觉、思维和动机的结合。在英语测试中强调“语感”，即考查学生阅读理解和语言知识的综合应用能力。完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英语的整体感知能力。一篇完形填空测试考生的什么能力，这与短文的
3、空格设计密切相关。如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。从近几年的高考试题看，完形填空以语义空格为主，主要测试考生的阅读能力和总体水平。但最近命题专家将完形填空分为四种类型：词内项、词间项、句内项、句间项,并据此确定各项的构成比例而命题。上述四项试题的难度依次递增,近年重点考后两项。完形填空（二）完形填空是综合性题型，既考查词汇知识，也考查阅读理解能力。要以考查动、动词词词组、形容词、副词、名词等实词，并要抓动、动词词词组、形容词、副词、名词等实词，并要抓住语境、上下文与考点的联系来设题。住语境、上下文与考点的联系
4、来设题。例1:In this small town there was not a single man of imLearning to Accept I learned how to accept life as it is from my father.36 .He did not teach me acceptance when he was strong and healthy.but rather when he was 37 and ill.My father was 38 a strong man who loved being active,but a terrible il
5、lness 39 all that away.Now he can no longer walk.and he must sit quietly in a chair all day.Even talking is 40 .One night,I went to visit him with my sisters,we started 41 about life,and I told them about one of my 42 .I said that we must always things up 43 .we grow-our youth.our beauty,our friends
6、-but it always 44 that after we give something up.We gain something new in its place.Then suddenly my father 45 up.He said,”But,Peter.I gave up 46 !What did I gain?”I thought and thought,but I could not think of anything to say.47 .he answered his own question:”I 48 the love of my family.”I looked a
7、t my sisters,and saw tears in their eyes,along with hope and thankfulness.I was also 49 me his words.After that,when I began to fell irritated(愤怒的)at someone.I 50 remember his words and become 51 .If he could replace his great pain with a feeling of live for others.then I should be 52 .to give up my
8、 small irritations.In this 53 ,I learned the power of acceptance from my father.2）命制完形填空题所应遵循的一些原则A题材选择首先，看一下选材。完形填空题所需文章的选材与阅读理解所需文章有些不同。材料难度应该低于阅读理解中的材料设完形填空题时，需对文章的整体及细节有较全面、深刻的理解，而这对考生的阅读理解能力要求较高，因此所选文章难度应稍低于阅读理解中所选的文章。应富含希望考查到的项目（词汇、语法结构等）完形填空考查的是考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇和语法结构、篇章结构的掌握情况，因此选材时一定要注意文章中词汇、语法
9、结构等的含量。上下文关系应较为紧凑各类英语考试的完形填空均较为明确地确定了inter-sentential试题的比例，因此所选文章的结构应该比较紧凑，以利于出一些上下文理解的试题。完形填空命题题根据新大纲规定，完形填空满分为高中20-30分，共有20个空；初中10分，共有10个空。短文长度为高中240-280 个词左右，初中150-200个词左右，每空1分。每个空即为1个题，每个题有3-4个备选答案，主要测试词汇、语法和结构，以单个词为主，词组为辅。词汇主要是考查内容集中在考生对名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词的理解上。B挖空所应遵循的一些原则对考生来讲，短文的第一个句子起着让他们熟悉语言环境的
10、作用，不应挖空。如果这个句子是个长长的并列句，可以考虑在后一分句挖空。各类试题应均衡分布试题所考查的语言点应均衡分布。例如，介词和副词容易挖空、做题，但该类试题在数量上应受到一定的限制。各类试题均规定了试题类型的比例，20个试题中应有12个词汇题、8个词汇一语法题。总而言之，试题应该有较大的覆盖面。并且单纯的语法题几乎从该题型中消失，如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就陷入了答题误区 刚才，我们从词汇和语法等角度谈了试题测点的分布。此外，我们还应牢记，单句层次和句子间层次、段落层次试题也应该规定一个比例。从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项或都是词义相近的名词单
11、数或复数，或都是近义动词的同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境做出正确的选择。如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。完形填空整体命题思路认真阅读文章、抓住文章的中心、主旨大意、作者意图、幽默点、交际点抓住文章各部分的主要内容、要点关键句上下文的联系（句间项）句内个部分的联系（句内项）完形填空题设题判断的依据(1)环境线索Im tired of sea food,so I didnt eat much_ that day.（答案B）A.vegetables B.flounder（比目鱼）(2)因果线索He was badly ill,so h
12、e was _答案B）A.present B.absent(3)转折线索He was badly ill,however,he was _.（答案A）A.present B.absent(4)让步线索He didnt _the test,though he worked hard.（答案A）A.pass B.fail(5)顺序线索After he wrote the letter,she_-it and then _it.（答案B）A.posted/signed B.signed/posted(6)用途线索I like my-,which gives me great help in the
13、rain.（答案A）A.umbrella B.bike C.pot(7)反义词线索He used to be lazy.But now he is quite _.（答案A）A.hardworking B.handsome(8)同义词线索He made a lot of mistakes in the last test This time we can still find_a few in his paper.（答案A）A.quite B.only(9)比较线索We are shorter than he,so he is the _ among us.（答案A）A.tallest B.s
14、hortest(10)一般个别线索He is very clever,so he get the answer.（答案A）A.can B.cantLearning to AcceptI learned how to accept life as it is from my father.However,he did not teach me acceptance when he was strong and healthy,but rather when he was weak and ill.My father was once a strong man who loved being ac
15、tive,but a terrible illness took all that away.Now he can no longer walk,and he must sit quietly in a chair all day.Even talking is difficult.One night,I went to visit him with my sisters.We started talking about life,and I told them about one of my beliefs.I said that we must very often give things
16、 up as we grow-our youth,our beauty,our friends-but it always seems that after we give something up,we gain something new in its place.Then suddenly my father spoke up.He said,“But,Peter,I gave up everything!What did I gain?”I thought and thought,but I couldnt think of anything to say.surprisingly,h
17、e answered his own question:“I gained the love of my family,”I looked at my sisters and saw tears in their eyes,along with hope and thankfulness.I was also touched by his words.After that,when I began to feel irritated(愤怒的)at someone,I would remember his words and become calm.If he could replace his
18、 great pain with a feeling of love for others,then I should be able to give up my small irritations.In this way,I learned the power of acceptance from my father.Sometimes I wonder what other things I could have learned from him if I had listened more carefully when I was a boy.For now,though,I am gr
19、ateful for this one gift.Learning to AcceptI learned how to accept life as it is from my father.36,he did not teach me acceptance when he was strong and healthy,but rather when he was 37 and ill.My father was 38 a strong man who loved being active,but a terrible illness 39 all that away.Now he can n
20、o longer walk,and he must sit quietly in a chair all day.Even talking is 40.One night,I went to visit him with my sisters.We started 41 about life,and I told them about one of my 42.I said that we must very often give things up 43 we grow-our youth,our beauty,our friends-but it always 44 that after
21、we give something up,we gain something new in its place.Then suddenly my father 45 up.He said,“But,Peter,I gave up 46!What did I gain?”I thought and thought,but I couldnt think of anything to say.47,he answered his own question:“I 48 the love of my family,”I looked at my sisters and saw tears in the
22、ir eyes,along with hope and thankfulness.I was also 49 by his words.After that,when I began to feel irritated(愤怒的)at someone,I 50 remember his words and become 51.If he could replace his great pain with a feeling of love for others,then I should be 52 to give up my small irritations.In this 53,I lea
23、rned the power of acceptance from my father.Sometimes I 54 what other things I could have learned from him if I had listened more carefully when I was a boy.For now,though,I am grateful for this one 55.36.A.Afterwards B.Therefore C.However D.Meanwhile37.A.tired B.weak C.poor D.slow38.A.already B.sti
24、ll C.only D.once39.A.took B.threw C.sent D.put40.A.impossible B.difficult C.stressful D.hopeless41.A.worrying B.caring C.talking D.asking42.A.decisions B.experience C.ambitions D.beliefs43.A.as B.since C.before D.till44.A.suggests B.promises C.seems D.requires45.A.spoke B.turned C.summed D.opened46.
25、A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything47.A.surprisingly B.Immediately C.Naturally D.Certainly48.A.had B.accepted C.gained D.enjoyed49.A.touched B.astonished C.attracted D.warned50.A.should B.could C.would D.might51.A.quiet B.calm C.relaxed D.happy52.A.ready B.likely C.free D.able53.A.case B.f
26、orm C.method D.way 54.A.doubt B.wonder C.know D.guess55.A.award B.gift C.lesson D.word以2003年高考上海卷第一篇完形填空为例,短文开头提到农民们生活艰难,正寻求新的赚钱方式，随后就说“除了种植新品种的谷物外，还有一些赚钱方法，其中最不同寻常的就是赛羊了。”该考题为空格提供了四个选项，都是形容词性，A项是“共同的，普遍的”；C项是“灵活的”；D项是“非法的”。只有B项“奇特的”符合上下文的语境。农民不是靠种植谷物而靠赛羊来赚钱前所未闻，当然是奇特的赚钱方法了。本题当属句间项考题。命题正确的步骤应该是:首先了解
27、短文的大意，然后再设题，这种题一般12处。题目设置上单纯语法考查减少，上下文联系考查力度加大，并且以同义词、相似词为典型的迷惑选项增多。但要注意：不是靠同义词细微辨析，而是通过上下文逻辑分析，得出结果，靠用法和搭配得出答案。干扰选项设计根据句意和上下文学生有可能发生的错误理解,因此正确选项与干扰项意义相差悬殊.根据常识推理有可能发生的错误选项.根据语篇有可能发生的错误推理.英语意义相近,句意限制英语意义相近,用法限制英语意义相近,用法有异.英语意义相近,常识限制英语意义相近,搭配不同汉语意义相近,英语意义不同注意避免:意义以及内涵包容与重叠 Englishvocabulary,pronunci
28、ation look at-stare at,glance at nice-good,kind;work-study总 结干扰项的设计的精髓在“干扰”二字,既然要干扰,就要干扰有度,即有干扰性,有不会造成答案不唯一.关键在于寻找干扰源.而不是凭空想象,或随意找同义或反义词做干扰项.这样很可能答案不唯一,干扰项即上下文中的干扰词语,错误的推理方式,错误的常识判断,错误语句理解,错误主体与客体关系,错误指代,修饰语的逻辑关系.On a hot summer day in late August,I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront cafe
29、 on a Greet island.Over hundred degrees in 36 air.Crowded.Tempers(脾气)of both the tourists and waiters had 37 to meet the situation,making it a rather quarrelsome environment(环境).36.A.fresh B.cool C.still D.thin37.A.mannged B.expected C.attempted D.risen常识判断错误;主题理解错误;意义理解错误所导致的干扰项.At the table next t
30、o mine sat an attractive,38 couple,waiting for 39 .They held hands,whispered,kissed,and laughed.38.A.lonely B.curious C.well-dressed D.bad-tempered39.A.cheers B.service C.attention D.flowers38上文错误理解;39下文非关键信息提示Learning to Accept I learned how to accept life as it is from my father.36 ,he did not tea
31、ch me acceptance when he was strong and healthy.but rather when he was 37 and ill.36.A.Afterwards B.Therefore C.However D.Meanwhile37.A.tired B.weak C.poor D.slow逻辑推理错误;推理方向正确,但平行与对照错误My father was 38 a strong man who loved being active,but a terrible illness 39 all that away.Now he can no longer wa
32、lk.and he must sit quietly in a chair all day.Even talking is 40 .38.A.already B.still C.only D.once39.A.took B.threw C.sent D.put40.A.impossible B.difficult C.stressful D.hopeless错误逻辑推理;与上下文提示不符;与主题的关系错误In this 53 ,I learned the power of acceptance from my father.Sometimes I 54 what other things I
33、could learned from him if I had listened more carefully when I was a boy.For now,though,I am grateful for this one 55 .53.A.case B.form C.method D.way 54.A.doubt B.wonder C.know D.guess55.A.award B.gift C.lesson D.word53,54近义词,常识判断错误;55语篇推理错误近几年特点长句增多，句式灵活，结构复杂。近几年高考完形材料在句子上突出了对行文逻辑及理解能力方面的考查，在选材上主要
34、表现为长句、复合句增多、句子结构复杂(定语从句、状语从句、插入语等)、句式丰富多样(陈述句、祈使句、省略句、疑问句、感叹句等)，极大地增加了阅读难度，限制了学生的理解程度。如：(NMET2001)The native people said they 38 this creature and called it theYeti,and they said that they had 39 caught Yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever been produced as evidence.又如：(NMET2002)I had an auto-repa
35、ir man once,who,on these intelligence tests,could not 38 have scored more than 80.初中完形填空初中一、二年级完形填空不仅考查语法、词汇、句型、句式、惯用法，而且还考查判断推理能力。初二下以后要逐渐年增加对文章的结构意义、上下文的衔接、逻辑思维等内容的考查比例，已逐步由最初的客观命题向现在的主观命题转变。其命题形式分为两种，一种是根据上下文从所给的单词中选择，并用其适当形式填空；另一种是缺词填空，也就是要求我们直接把文中所缺的词写出来，有的已给出首字母。Simon wrote his question on a p
36、iece of paper before he went to sleep And he found his fathers answer when he woke upQuestion：The most popular girl in school，Andrea，invited（58）_ to a party，but she didnt invite my best friend Barbara I didnt even tell Barbara（59）_ the party because I dont want to hurt her feelingsToday Barbara invi
37、ted me to go to Disney World with her family on the same weekend as the（60）_ I didnt really（61）_yes or no，and I think that hurt her I would love to go to Disney World，but I dont want to miss the party，and I dont want to lose Barbara as a friendI have to give her an（62）_ soon What can I say？Answer：Do
38、 you really like Andrea？Or do you just want to be with the popular kids？And what about Barbara？Do you really（63）_ about her？Or do you just want to go to Disney World？I dont know the answers to these questions，but you（64）_ them You have no idea because you want to have everything，and thats not（65）_ Y
39、ou need to find out whats really important to you and make a choice我们从词汇和语法等角度谈了试题测点的分布。此外，单句层次和句子间层次、段落层次试题也应该规定一个比例。比例随年级变化，低年级单句层次高一些，以后过度到以句间层次为主，一般段落层次1015%，句子间层次占70-80%。试题在短文中应该均衡分布这儿，我们指的是各空之间的距离应大致相当，不要有的两个题之间相隔十几、二十几个词，而有的两个题之间仅相隔两个词。应尽力避免相互依存的试题命题时应设法避免挖空两个关系过于密切的单词或短语，否则答错一个题即意味着两个题全错，反过来
40、，答对一个题亦意味着两个题全对。这样，其中一个考点已基本发挥不了什么考查作用，根本没有存在的价值。这类相互依存试题在距离上一般都靠得太近。如：Wait till youre more certain.Its better to be sure than sorry.应尽力避免正确选项出现在短文的其他地方，给考生以下该给的方便。如果确实不得不挖去某个词，而该词又出现在文章的其他地方，可以设法改换另一个词，否则可能只有舍弃这个考点。挖空短语时应注意正确项与干扰项形式上的一致1、A.hardly 6+B.never C.nearly D.seldom(little)考查对动词短语的掌握，可以只挖空动
41、词，可以只挖空动词后的介词或副词，也可以挖空整个短语。挖空整个短语前，应充分考虑能否找到三个同样结构的干扰项。选 项下面看一下编制完形填空各项应遵循的几条原则：正确答案必须是从短文中挖掉的那个词或短语，必须为唯一正确选项每个题只能有一个正确答案，命完题后应从各个角度观察，确保任何干扰项在任何情况下都不会成为正确答案。干扰项必须有一定的干扰性干扰项的选择应该有某些可靠的依据，应该属同一类型，例如他们可属于同一语议范畴，在语法上属于同一词性，看起来似乎都可以填入空缺处。英汉两种语言的对比结果也是选取干扰项的一个不错的途径，有些英语水平稍差的考生往往搞不清楚英汉两种语言在一些语言点上的异同，而将汉语
42、中的某些构错误地套用到英语上。应该注意的是，不要让任何一个选项与其他选项明显不同，而影响考生的选取。从统计指标看，任何一个选项都必须有至少5%的考生选取，否则就是一个不理想的选项，就需进行修改。“My names Jim Shelley and Im an addict(有瘾的人)”With these words I began to 36 the problem,the problem of my telephone addiction.I used to call people 37,from the moment I woke up to the time I went to slee
43、p.I 38 to be phoned,I wanted to phone.Just one more call.36A.face B.find C.acceptD.notice37A.now and thenB.all the timeC.at home D.at work38,A.tried B.asked C.waited D.invitedIt started socially a few calls each day.It seemed 39,just a quick chat.Gradually though,the 40 got worse.Soon it was 41 use,
44、until,finally,addiction.And it began to affect(影响)my 42.During the day I would disappear for 43 call.If I couldnt make a call,I spent the whole time waiting for the phone to ring.Getting more and more 44,in the end,I would ring someone,then someone else,45 myself just one more call.39A.polite B.Impo
45、rtant C.fineD.special40A.conditionB.situationC.resultD.effect41A.frequentB.regularC.unusual D.particular42A.friends B.studyC.familyD.work43A.a quick B.a secret C.an expectedD.an extra44A.hopefulB.delightedC.frightenedD.anxious45A.forcing B.tellingC.givingD.limiting干扰项应该是正确答案的干扰项干扰项绝不应成为干扰项的干扰项。有时，命题
46、者设计完一个干扰项后，会不经意地设计出两个意义上更接近于干扰项后，会不经意地设计出两个意义上更接近于这个干扰项的干扰项，如：AConsists(key)BComposes(distractor for A)CWrites(distractor for B)DExpresses(distractor for B)这样，三个干扰项几乎都失去了干扰作用，当然，这也就在一定程度上违背了第二条原则，因为A与其他几项明显不同。当四个平行的选项实在难以找到时，可以设法找两平行的选项。如果连两对都难以找到，那就说明该点不适于作为MC类试题的考点。干扰项不应相互包容各选项不能够互相包容，否则就会出现正确选项突出
47、（包容项为干扰项时）或有两个正确答案（包容项为正确选项时）的情况。如：A.desk B.furniture C.box D.piano。完形填空试题的最大特点是考查学生根据上下文的意思和逻辑联系进行推理、判断的能力。学生每填一个空都需要从上下文寻找线索。但是考试题不符合这一命题要求。is an old city with a 36 of more than 2,100 years.It is in the 37 of the province on the northern banks of the 38 River,and is a link between northern and 39
48、Jiangsu.The Jiangyin 40 has brought it 41 to southern Jiangsu.36.A.history B.age C.book D.population 37.A.left B.right C.middle D.end38.A.Zhujiang B.Yangtze C.Yellow D.Huai39.A.western B.eastern C.southern D.northeastern40.A.City B.Bridge C.people D.Road41.A.besides B.closer C.next D.beside节选的这一部分试题
49、不仅把一些非语言知识的内容作为了考查点，而且还把专有名词挖空。从语言测试的角度来看，这道题的信度和效度都比较低。One day there was an argument between the wind and the sun.“Im much 71 than you.”said the wind.“No.I dont agree with you.”said the sun.While they were arguing,they saw a man 72 along the road.He is wearing a heavy coat.The sun said to the wind,
50、“Now let 73 see who can make the man take off his coat.Then we will know who is stronger.”（选自2004某实验区英语学业考试试卷）71.A.strong B.strongly C.stronger D.strongest72.A.walking B.walked C.to walk D.walks73.A.we B.our C.us D.ours三个空白处的设计都是考查语言形式本身的变化，学生根本不需要考虑上下文就能根据句子的语法结构做出正确选择。完形填空试题尽管可以有一定数量的考查语法知识题目，但不能过
