1、Culture in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty秦汉文化The foundation of the unitary multinational feudal empirenAt its peak period in ancient historical development,the Qin-Han periods witnessed significant achievements in many fields,during which the unitary multinational feudal empire was founded.In 2
2、21 B.C.,the State Qin united China,thus establishing the first centralized feudal autocratic dynasty in Chinese history n秦汉是中国文化发展的第一个高潮时期。中国历史上统一的、多民族的封建帝国创立于秦汉时期。公元前221年，秦始皇统一中国，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的专制主义中央集权的皇朝 Further development and strengthening of the unitary multinational regime in the Han DynastynT
3、he unitary multinational regime achieved further development and strengthening in the Han Dynasty.During the Qin-Han period,unprecedented achievements were made in economic development.The cultural development embraced an upsurge period.n。“汉承秦制”，这种国家政体在两汉获得了进一步的发展和巩固。秦汉时期，无论是疆域的开拓，还是政治经济的发展，都达到了一个空前
4、的水平，文化发展居于当时世界的前列。在此基础上迎来了一个文化发展的高潮期。The birth of the unitary national spiritual culture.nThe foundation of a unitary multinational country accelerated the birth of the unitary national spiritual culture.At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty,the ruler established a uniform national culture.In the doma
5、in of ideology and culture,the First Emperor ordered that the written language and behaviors had to be standardized,to pursue cultural unification by means of a powerful administrative force n统一的多民族国家的建立，促进了统一的民族精神文化的产生。秦朝建立伊始，建立统一的民族文化的任务摆在了统治者面前。秦朝实行了“书同文”、“行同伦”的文化政策，凭借强大的行政力量推行文化统一 The legalist S
6、choolnIn the spiritual culture the Legalist School was revered and the system of court academician was initiated,with a view of uniting the Legalist ideology,classical Taoist thinking and Confucianism.Due to the intolerance on the part of Legalist thought,the First Emperor ordered that books be burn
7、ed and Confucian scholars be buried alive.The unification in the realm of spiritual culture turned out to be a failure.Intense cultural antinomy and conflict was one of the most important reasons for the rapid collapse of the Qin regime.n在精神文化建设的层次，尊奉法家思想，并实行博士官制度，试图调和法家思想与黄老学、儒学的关系，但终究由于法家思想的褊狭和酷刻，
8、最终酿成了“焚书坑儒”的惨祸，使精神文化的统一归于失败。剧烈的文化对立与冲突，是造成秦朝速亡的重要原因之一。Confucianism won favornIn the newly established Han Dynasty,with the broken economy due to the chaos caused by the war,the classical Taoist thought,i.e.proposing to govern by doing nothing that is against nature,was venerated.On the succession of
9、 Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty,by right of peace and prosperity during the reign of Emperors Wendi and Jingdi,he planned to realize his ambitious dream.Taoism was in contradiction with this trend,while Confucianism,by encouraging active enterprise,won favor n汉朝初立，鉴于战乱造成的经济的残破，主张“无为而治”的黄老学说
10、得到尊崇，但这毕竟是政治上的权宜之计。至汉武帝即位，凭借“文景之治”积累下的物质财富，欲大展鸿图，黄老学说与之相抵，而主张积极进取的儒学受到青睐 The dorminance of ConfucianismnEmperor Wudi paid supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thought.The reconstructed Confucianism of the Han Dynasty overcame the restrictions and the conservatism of the
11、 pre-Qin dynasties and been the dominant ideology in the field of politics and academics.Adopting Confucianism as the official philosophy was a key measure in founding the unitary national culture.Ever since then,Confucianism has been the orthodox thought in ancient China,exerting a far-reaching inf
12、luence up to the present time.Its values have become the spirit of the traditional culture n。“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，经过改造的汉代儒学克服了先秦时期拘束保守的缺点，成为政治上、学术上占统治地位的思想。“独尊儒术”是建立统一的民族文化的关键性举措，从此儒学成为中国古代的正统思想，至今还具有巨大而深刻的影响力。The combination of different sectsnIn the Han Dynasty the native religion called Taoism came into b
13、eing.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,the combination of the teachings of Huangdi and Laozi,and Fangxian sect formed Taiping sect and Wudoumi sect,the latter being the predecessor of Tianshi sect.The influence of Confucianism was mainly on the official,academic and refined level whereas that of Taoism was
14、 in the mundane society n儒家学说的价值观成为传统民族文化的灵魂。汉代还产生了中国自己的民族宗教道教。黄老学与方仙道的结合，在东汉形成了原始道教太平道和五斗米道，五斗米道是天师道的前身。如果说儒学的影响主要反映在官方的、学术的、雅文化的层面的话，那么道教则在民间世俗社会具有重要的影响力。Mutual roles in the formation of national characternConfucianism and Taoism,one being refined and the other being popular,one belonging to the s
15、upreme orthodox and the other relegated to the lower stratum,echoed each other at a distance.Both persistently played an educational role in the traditional society,having great effect on the shaping of national character.n儒学与道教一雅一俗，一上一下，遥相呼应，对中国的传统社会持续地发挥着文化教化功用，对我们民族性格的塑造产生了巨大作用。Cultural integrati
16、on with the expansion of the territorynThe Qin-Han was an important period during which various cultures within the country integrated and the Chinese culture mingled with the foreign ones.The first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty united China,making the communion and fusion between various nationalities
17、 and regions possible.After the foundation of the Western Han Dynasty,especially in the Reign of Emperor Wudi,the domestic cultural integration was boosted with the expansion of the territory n秦汉还是国内文化融合和中外文化交流获得大发展的重要历史时期。秦始皇统一中国，北却匈奴，南控闽粤，开通“五尺道”经略西南夷，为国内各民族和各地域间的文化交流和融合创造了条件。西汉王朝建立之后，尤其在汉武帝统治时期，随
18、着武力开拓边土，进一步促进了国内文化融合的发展，黄河、长江流域的汉文化与西南夷文化、南粤文化、闽文化、西羌文化、东胡文化汇熔于一炉，为民族文化的壮大发展增添了能量。The combination of Han ethnicity with other ethnic groupsnWhat is known as the Han culture along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys mixed together with the cultures of southwestern Yi,southern Guangdong,Fuj
19、ian,western Qiang and eastern Hu,adding new vitality to the robust national culture.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,the northern nomadic culture also blended into this big family.As a result,the culture of the Han ethnicity was the principal part,and the cultures of other ethnic groups and regions were i
20、ncorporated.n东汉一代，随着匈奴、乌桓势力的日衰，北方游牧文化也融入其中，形成了以汉文化为主体，包括其他民族和地域文化在内的文化融合。与之同时，中外文化交流也不断发展 nAt the same time,the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries was also developing.Before the Qin-Han dynasties,the exchanges were mainly sporadic and nongovernmental.It was Emperor Wudi who ushere
21、d in an epoch in Chinese and Western cultural exchanges.He sent the ambassador Zhang Qian to the western regions to form a coalition with the states there Zhang Qian went through misery and hardships to accomplish this historic mission.He explored the way to the west and in this way opened the trade
22、 route between China and the west,i.e.the Silk Road.n秦汉之前，中国内地与西方的文化交流主要表现为民间的、零散的方式。至汉武帝，开辟了中西文化交流的新纪元。为联合西域诸国对付北方强敌匈奴，汉武帝派张骞出使西域。张骞历尽千辛万苦，不辱使命，探明了汉朝通往西方的道路，在此基础上开通了中西交通的商路丝绸之路 The influx of Buddhism from IndianThe advancing Chinese culture made for the west through the Central Asia and Western Asi
23、a;meanwhile Western culture also made in-roads into China.The most influential event was the influx of Buddhism from India during the Western Han and the Eastern Han dynasties.The absorption of foreign cultures was instrumental in advancing Chinese cultural development n随着丝绸之路的开通，中国先进文化通过中亚西亚走向西方，而西
24、方的文化也流输于中国，其中尤以两汉之际印度的佛教文化的输入最著影响。对外来文化的吸收是中国文化发展的重要源泉之一。The development of science and technologynThe prosperity of the Chinese culture in the Qin-Han dynasties was closely associated with the development of science and technology.The Han Dynasty saw the invention of papermaking technology,which cr
25、eated outstanding conditions for cultural transmission.Zhoubi Suanjing was a classic work on astronomy and mathematics written in the Western Han Dynasty.Nine Chapters on Mathematical Art summarized the important achievements in this field during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States P
26、eriod.These two books proved that Chinese mathematics was in the lead in the world.n科技文化的发展是秦汉时期中国文化兴盛发达的重要表现之一。汉代发明了造纸术，为文化的传播创造了优越条件。著名的数学著作周髀算经和九章算术的出现，使中国数学取得世界领先的地位。Achievements in other fieldsnIn the medical field,there appeared classics in traditional Chinese medical science:Classic of Intern
27、al Medicine and Febrile and Other Diseases,which lay the theoretical foundation for the Chinese traditional medicine.Zhang Heng invented an armillary sphere(celestial globe)and invented the worlds first seismograph,enhancing science and technology in ancient China to a fairly high leveln中医经典黄帝内经和伤寒杂病论奠定了中国传统医学的理论基础。张衡发明的浑天仪和候风地动仪，把中国古代的科技水平提高到了一个相当高的水准
