1、 Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe埃德加 爱伦 坡 (1809(18091849)1849)E.A.Poe(18091849)E.A.Poe(18091849)Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe（18091849）埃德加.爱伦.坡This daguerreotype of Poe was taken in 1848 when he was 39,a year before his deathAmerican Romanticism 1.American romanticism is one of the most important per
2、iod in the history of American literature.2.Stretches from the end of 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.3.It started with the publication of Washington Irvings the sketch book and ended with Whitmans leaves of grass.It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.For romantics,
3、the feelings,and intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.They emphasized individualism,placing the individualism against the group.They affirmed the inner life of the self,and cherished strong interest in the past,the wild,the remote,the mysterious and the strange.Li
4、fe ExperienceA miserable childhood:born in Boston,both parents died within two years after his birth,taken into the home of John Allan in Virginia,had an unhappy relationship with his foster fatherLife ExperienceAn unhappy youth:at 17 went to the University of Virginia but did not finish,an appointm
5、ent to West Point but was dismissed less than a year laterA struggling life:in 1833,became an editor of Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond,lost the position because of excessive drinking and an inability to meet deadlines,managed to regain the job in 1835,at 27,married his 13 year-old cousin,Vi
6、rginia Clemm,drifted for several years as editors in different magazines but remained poor all his lifeLife ExperienceA b i t t e r a n d mysterious death:in 1847,wife died of tuberculosis,in 1849,died in mysterious circumstances Life Experience a miserable childhoodwas adopted by John Allan an unha
7、ppy relationship entered the University but didnt finish went to West Point but was dismissedat 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin her death in 1847 left him a bitterer life died in mysterious circumstances,in 1849 a short story writera poet a critic the greatest journalistic critic of his time“(S
8、haws evaluation of Poes achievement)his poetry is“exquisitely refined“(精致优雅精致优雅)his tales are complete works of artPoe is a great writer of fiction,a poet of the first rank,and a critic of insight a.A short story writer stories:two kinds Horror Ratiocination（推理）“The Fall of the House of Usher”“The B
9、lack Cat”“The Cask of Amontillado”“Ligeia”（莉盖亚）（莉盖亚）“The Purloined Letter”（被窃的信件）（被窃的信件）His theory for short storyHis theory for short story-clarityclarity 1.The short story must be of such length as to be read at one sitting(brevity),so as to ensure the totality of impression.2.The very first sente
10、nce ought to help to bring out the“single effect”of the story.3.No word should be used which does not contribute to the“pre-established”design of the work(compression).4.A tale should reveal some logical truth with“the fullest satisfaction”and should end with the last sentence,leaving a sense of fin
11、ality with the reader.(a certain decision 某种结局）Short story should be of Short story should be of brevitybrevity,totalitytotality,single single effecteffect,compression(compression(压缩压缩)and finality.)and finality.fifty poems typically Romantic in both form and content Poes poetictheories Poetry shoul
12、d be short and readable at one sitting,should appeal only to“beauty”(aiming at“an elevating excitement of the soul”)True poetry is“the rhythmical creation of beauty”“The Philosophy of Composition“The Poetic Principle”b.A poetc.A literary critic His theory of poetryHis theory of poetry 1.His poetic t
13、heories are remarkable in their clarity.2.The poem should be short,readable at one sitting(or as long as“The Raven”).3.Its chief aim is beauty,namely,to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader，to pure ones soul.4.Melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.5.Poetry does not have to i
14、nculcate a moral.6.The artistry of the poem lies not in what is being said but in what way it is said.(form is superior to content)7.stresses musical quality of verse and defines true poetry as“rhythmical creation of beauty.”Poes theory for poetry poems short but achieve maximum effectproduce a feel
15、ing of beauty in the reader pure“,not to moralizeHe stresses rhythm insists on an even(规则的规则的)metrical flow 真实能够满足人的理智真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵感情能够满足人的心灵,而美则能激动人的灵魂而美则能激动人的灵魂Short Stories1.Horror Fiction（死亡恐怖小说）（死亡恐怖小说）The Fall of the House of UsherThe Masque of the Red DeathLigeiaThe Black CatThe Cask
16、of AmontilladoThe Tell-Tale Heart2.Detective Novel（推理侦探小说）（推理侦探小说）Murders in the Rue MorgueThe Purloined LetterThe Gold Bug3.Science Fiction（科幻小说）（科幻小说）4.Satirical Novel（幽默讽刺小说）（幽默讽刺小说）The black cat Ligeia Ligeia Fall of house usherThe cask of amontilladoPoemsPoems1 The Raven (1844)乌鸦乌鸦2 Annabel Lee
17、 安娜贝尔丽安娜贝尔丽3 The Sleeper 睡美人4 A Dream Within a Dream 梦中梦5 Israfel伊斯拉菲尔6 The Bells 钟7 Sonnet To Science 十四行诗-致科学8 To Helen 献给海伦献给海伦9 The City in the Sea 海中的城市made Poe famous as a poet symbol of his dark doubtsand frustrated longingThe Raven(1845)Left by Gustave DorRight by John Tenniel ANNABEL LEE It
18、 was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of ANNABEL LEE;And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.I was a child and she was a child,In this kingdom by the sea;But we loved with a love that was mo
19、re than love-I and my Annabel Lee;With a love that the winged seraphs of heavenCoveted her and me.很久很久以前在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。那会儿我还是个孩子，她也未脱稚气，在这个滨海的国度里；可我们的爱超越一切，无人能及我和我的安娜贝尔.李；我们爱得那样深，连天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉。And this was the reason that,long ago,In this kingdom by the sea,
20、A wind blew out of a cloud,chillingMy beautiful Annabel Lee;So that her highborn kinsman cameAnd bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.The angels,not half so happy in heaven,Went envying her and me-Yes!that was the reason(as all men know,In this kingdom by the
21、 sea)That the wind came out of the cloud by night,Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.这就是那不幸的根源，很久以前在这个滨海的国度里，夜里一阵寒风从白云端吹起，冻僵了我的安娜贝尔.李；于是她那些高贵的亲戚来到凡间把她从我的身边夺去，将她关进一座坟墓在这个滨海的国度里。这些天使们在天上，不及我们一半快活，于是他们把我和她妒嫉对就是这个缘故（谁不晓得呢，在这个滨海的国度里）云端刮起了寒风，冻僵并带走了我的安娜贝尔.李。ANNABEL LEE is commonly thought to refer to Poes
22、 deceased wife.Its mood is that of serene acceptance.love here is associated not with the usual embodies of rose or music,but with the elemental and eternal rhythms of the moon and stars.In it Poe strives to create a vision of beauty and a melodious sound strong enough to block out the ugly world he
23、 hates and fears.TO HELEN Helen,thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore,That gently,oer a perfumed sea,The weary,wayworn wanderer boreTo his own native shore.On desperate seas long wont to roam,Thy hyacinth hair,thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was Gre
24、eceAnd the grandeur that was Rome.To Helen 海伦，你的美貌于我似远古尼西亚人的帆船，轻轻飘过芬芳的海面，让旅途劳顿的游子，回到他故乡的岸边。在漂泊已久、波涛汹涌的海上，你风信子般的头发、古典的脸庞，和尼厄神般的风采已带我回家乡，回到罗马曾经的伟大，和希腊曾经的荣光。But our love it was stronger by far than the loveOf those who were older than we-Of many far wiser than we-And neither the angels in heaven above,
25、Nor the demons down under the sea,Can ever dissever my soul from the soulOf the beautiful Annabel Lee.For the moon never beams without bringing me dreamsOf the beautiful Annabel Lee;And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyesOf the beautiful Annabel Lee;And so,all the night-tide,I lie down b
26、y the sideOf my darlingmy darlingmy life and my bride,In the sepulchre there by the sea,In her tomb by the sounding sea.可我们的爱情远远地胜利那些年纪长于我们的人那些智慧胜于我们的人无论是天上的天使，还是海底的恶魔，都不能将我们的灵魂分离，我和我美丽的安娜贝尔.李 因为月亮的每一丝清辉都勾起我的回忆梦里那美丽的安娜贝尔.李群星的每一次升空都令我觉得秋波在闪动那是我美丽的安娜贝尔.李就这样，伴着潮水，我整夜躺在她身旁我亲爱的我亲爱的我的生命，我的新娘，在海边那座坟茔里，在大海边
27、她的墓穴里。Edgar Allan PoeMotifs of Poes poems and stories:Motifs of Poes poems and stories:LoveBeauty(supernatural beauty)Death(often of a woman,a lover)Poe is not interested in anything alive.Everything in Poes writings is dead.TerrorNeurotic disorderNegative thoughts of science StyleStyle 1)He was goo
28、d at generalizing.2)His style was traditional.3)He insisted on an even metrical flow in versification.无法忍受的孤寂，逃避迫在眼前的大限。”Comments on PoeEdgar Allan Poe is the most controversial and the most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.“我不在乎我的作品是我不在乎我的作品是现在被人读还是由子孙现在被人读还是由子孙后代
29、来读。我可以花一后代来读。我可以花一个世纪来等待读者。个世纪来等待读者。”Edgar Allan PoeEmersonEmerson dismissed him in three words“the jingle man”(打油诗人)，Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadableWhitman:admit Poes genius,but it was“its narrow range and unhealthy,lurid quality”(terrible).And Whitman was the only famous literary fi
30、gure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in 1875.T.S.Eliot:a critic of the first rank,but with“slipshod writing”(careless)In AmericaMark Twain:His prose is unreadable.Henry James:“an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development”In EuropeGeorge Bernard Shaw:“the great
31、est journalistic critic of his time”His poetry is“exquisitely refined”.His tales are“complete works of art”.肖伯纳肖伯纳：“它们不仅仅是一篇篇小说，而完全是一件件艺术品”。Ironically,while Poe was struggling in America,his work was commanding more and more praise in Europe,where he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional t
32、echniques.His influence was especially strong on many French writers.Comment Poe enjoyed respect and welcome in EuropeHis reputation was first made in France Today,his works are read with appreciation and understanding.Poes influence was considerable in Spain,Italy,Germany and Russia.InfluencePoe wa
33、s the first American writer who formulized the technique of the short story.In pursuit of the totality of effect through compression,immediacy and finality,Poe invented the genre of the detective story and developed a new fiction of psychological analysis.Poe has thus often been considered as the fa
34、ther of the modern short story.Influence1.His influence is world-wide in modern literature.2.His call for“the rhythmical creation of beauty”.3.Art for arts sake.补充说明：埃德加 爱伦 坡的一生充满坎坷与荆棘，其人格也一直为主流社会所不容。他的第一位传记作家格瑞斯沃尔德把他描述成一个“没有任何道德感”而且“自私自利的恶魔”。有人也称他为“执斧之人”，见谁砍谁。洛维尔虽然承认坡的文学天才，但总体认为他的诗歌“五分之二是纯粹的谎言”。诗人叶
35、芝曾经说过，伟大的诗人产生于伟大的灵魂对自身的的反思。坡就是这样一个诗人，一个被同时代的人蔑视的疯子，然而又是今人推崇的艺术先知。使法国象征主义的大师们首先发现了坡的艺术价值，使他从艺术边缘走向中心，并使坡的名字传遍整个世界。浪漫主义诗歌有两种倾向：一是延续英国和美国独立战争时期的诗歌传统，着重表现自然与灵魂的和谐关系，表现了人类接近自然，从自然中寻求教诲的探索过程；二是独创性诗歌的出现，着重表现东西方古典文化与当代人生的关系，在遥远的过去寻求美的真谛，寻求当代人的灵魂所在，主张借物言志，通常表现自然与人类灵魂的伟大，情调比较严肃。坡是后者的代表，主张诗歌脱离现实的形式美，常表现人类灵魂的晦涩
36、与冲动，情调比较悲观，但也比较深邃。坡的诗歌无论在主题上还是在诗歌的审美追求上都具有超前性和独特性，所以有些批评家反对把坡归属于浪漫主义诗人范畴。如果他是浪漫主义诗人，那也是一个极其独特的浪漫主义诗人。他的意向怪异，诗质意味深长；他在远离美国现实生活之外，在虚无飘渺的梦幻世界，在诗歌的纯粹美的形式和无限的暗示中找到了自己的独特的浪漫主义灵感和其表达的特殊方式。他没有同时代美国浪漫主义诗人那样钟情于大自然山水花鸟或边陋野趣的沉思和遐想。他的诗歌想象多驰骋于古典的欧洲理趣、神秘的东方玄论以及难以捉摸的天外世界或荒诞的内心世界。在政治上，他反对奴隶解放运动，崇尚贵族生活，怀疑美国民主的进程，憎恨庸俗的商业价值观及美国工业化进程，反对使用主义哲学观，反对所谓的进步的文明。虽然坡的诗歌创作和理论被后人褒贬不一，但他在短篇小说创作上的成就和贡献，还是得到了相当广泛的承认，被誉为美国19世纪最优秀的小说家之一。
