1、急性急性阑阑尾炎英文尾炎英文课课件件OutlinesnGeneral considerationsnHistorical perspectivenAnatomynPathophysiology nClinical findings nDiagnosisnTreatmentGeneral considerationsnAbout 8%of people in Western countries have appendicitis at some time during their life,with a peak incidence between 10 and 30 years of age.
2、nAcute appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency.(10%)General considerationsnAcute appendicitis has protean manifestations.nIt may simulate almost any other acute abdominal illness and in turn may be mimicked by a variety of conditions.nProgression of symptoms and signs is the rule
3、in contrast to the fluctuating course of some other diseases.Historical perspective nWillard Packard performed the first surgery in 1867.nIn 1886,Reginald Fitz described the characteristic,clinical findings and pathology of the disease,identified the appendix as the primary cause of right lower quad
4、rant inflammation.nFitz coined the term appendicitis and recommended early surgical treatmentHistorical perspectivenIn 1889,Chester McBurney described characteristic migratory pain as well as localization of the pain along an oblique line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus.nIn 1
5、894,McBurney described a right lower quadrant muscle-splitting incision for removal of the appendix.Historical perspectivenIn the 1940s,the mortality rate from appendicitis improved with the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.nIn 1982,Laparoscopic appendectomy was first reported by the gyn
6、ecologist Kurt Semm but has only gained widespread acceptance in recent years.Anatomy physiologynThe base of the appendix is located at the convergence of the taeniae(3)of colon.nThis anatomic relationship facilitates identification and location of the appendix at operation.Pathophysiology nObstruct
7、ion of the lumen is believed to be the major cause of acute appendicitis.nThis may be due to lymphoid hyperplasia,inspissated stool,fecalith,vegetable matter or seeds,parasites,or a neoplasm.PathophysiologynObstruction of the appendiceal lumen nBacterial overgrowth nContinued secretion of mucus nInt
8、raluminal distention and increased wall pressure PathophysiologynSubsequent impairment of lymphatic and venous drainage nmucosal ischemia nThese findings in combination promote a localized inflammatory process that may progress to gangrene and perforation.PathophysiologynInflammation of the adjacent
9、 peritoneum gives rise to localized pain in the right lower quadrant.nPerforation typically occurs after at least 48 hours from the onset of symptoms and is accompanied by an abscess cavity walled-off by the small intestine and omentum.nClinical findingsClinical findingshistory and symptomnAppendici
10、tis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of nearly every patient with acute abdominal pain nThe typical presentation begins with vague peri-umbilical pain followed by anorexia,nausea and vomiting.Then localizes to the right lower quadrant.history and symptomnThe classic pattern of mi
11、gratory pain is the most reliable symptom of acute appendicitis nFever ensues,followed by the development of leukocytosis nOccasional patients have urinary symptoms or microscopic hematuriamigratory painPhysical ExaminationnLow-grade fever is common(38).nDiminished bowel sounds nFocal tenderness(com
12、monly at McBurneys point)-located one third of the distance along a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus nRebound tendernessnVoluntary guardingPhysical ExaminationnDunphys sign -coughing cause increased pain nRovsings sign -pain in the right lower quadrant during palpat
13、ion of the left lower quadrant Physical ExaminationnPsoas sign -pain on extension of the right hip(retrocecal appendix)nObturator sign -pain on internal rotation of the hip (pelvic appendix)Laboratory StudiesnThe average leukocyte count is 15*109/L,and 90%of patient have count over 10*109/LnMore tha
14、n 75%neutrophils in of patients.nA completely normal leukocyte count and differential is found in about 10%of patients.Imaging studiesnPlain abdominal films:may be useful for the detection of ureteral calculi,small bowel obstruction,or perforated ulcer,but such conditions are rarely confused with ap
15、pendicitis.nUltrasonography and CT scan:be helpful in patients with atypical symptoms,such as children and elderly person.nA,CT scan of the abdomen demonstrates an edematous,thickened appendix(arrow)with obstructing appendicolith(arrowhead).nB,CT scan of abdomen demonstrates a perforated appendix wi
16、th a complex abscess and pelvic fluid collection(arrow).BL,bladder;UT,uterus.Essentials of diagnosisnAbdominal migratory pain nAnorexia,nausea and vomitingnLocalized abdominal tendernessnLow-grade fevernLeukocytosis Differential DiagnosesnSometimes,the diagnosis of appendicitis may be difficult.nMes
17、enteric lymphadenitis,ngastrointestinal ulcer perforationnMeckels diverticulitis,nectopic pregnancy,npelvic inflammatory diseaseSpecial category of appendicitisnin infants，nin children，nin wemen during pregnancy，nin elderly people nin patients infected with HIVComplicationnPerforationnPeritonitisnAp
18、pendiceal abscessnpylephlebitisTreatmentnSurgical treatment:Most patients with acute appendicitis are managed by prompt surgical removal of the appendix.(Appendectomy)nNon-surgical treatment:Early Stage,Objective conditions are not allowed,Serious organic disease.(antibiotics)TreatmentnLaparoscopic appendectomy offers the advantage of:diagnostic laparoscopy shorter recovery less conspicuous incisionsSubjective to thinknWhats the Essentials of diagnosis about acute appendicitis?
