1、初中语法大全目录词类介绍、句子成分和构词法3一、词类的介绍3二、句子的成分3三、构词法4第一章名词4一、名词的种类4二、名词的数5三、名词所有格6第二章冠词8一、不定冠词的用法8二、定冠词的用法9三、 零冠词的用法10第三章代词10一、代词的分类及用法101、人称代词112、物主代词113、反身代词124、指示代词125、关系代词136、连接代词137、不定代词138、相互代词169、疑问代词16第四章数词16一、分类161、基数词162、序数词17第五章形容词和副词18一、形容词18二、副词21三、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级25第六章介词26一、介词的分类26二、介词用法辨析29第
2、七章 动词30一、动词的分类及词形变化30二、动词的时态34一般现在时34一般过去时35一般将来时35现在进行时36过去进行时36现在完成时36过去完成时37一般过去将来时37现在完成进行时38过去完成进行时38将来进行时38将来完成时38将来完成进行时38过去将来进行时39过去将来完成时39过去将来完成进行时39三、动词的语态40四、动词的非谓语形式42五、情态动词48六、动词用法辨析49七、连接词54第八章 简单句56一、简单句的分类561、陈述句562、疑问句573、祈使句584、反意疑问句595、感叹句61二、简单句五种基本句型61第九章 句子62一、句子的成分621、主语622、谓语
3、623、宾语644、表语645、定语656、状语657、宾语补足语66二、并列复合句66三、主从复合句66主语从句66宾语从句66状语从句67定语从句68名词性从句71倒装句71四、虚拟语气73五、直接引语和间接引语73第十章 其他74一、重要句型74二、动词的搭配75词类介绍、句子成分和构词法一、 词类的介绍英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, y
4、ou, it .3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.8、介词(pr
5、ep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.二、 句子的成分英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、 主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、 谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jac
6、k cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加
7、在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。 如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lesso
8、ns.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)8、同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)三、 构词法英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如:inventor, learne
9、r, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词:名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词:形容词+ly 其它,如:slowly, angrily, fullfully, go
10、odwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词动词,如:dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干净的)clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词动词,如:hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如:earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副词连词,如:when(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如:in(到里)(在里面;在家),on(在上)(进行,继续),等等。第一章 名词一、 名词的种
11、类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数
12、名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .二、 名词的数1、 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,
13、 dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-He
14、nrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths,
15、month-months, path-paths,2、 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class, fa
16、mily, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanes
17、e以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants三、 名词所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。其表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of
18、加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1、 s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problem
19、s, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2、 s所有格的用法:表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds p
20、opulation, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3、“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chai
21、r, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:(1)、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)(2)、集体名词
22、(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)a) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)(3)、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There
23、are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)(4)、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)(5)、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)(6)、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students
24、 are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)(7)、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)(8)、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:
25、There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)(9)、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)(10)、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)(11)、eitheror或者
26、 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) (12)、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)(13)、主语中含有half of /
27、 (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,popul
28、ation一词又有特殊情况: Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析:(1)、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:
29、People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)(2)、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日
30、子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情
31、?)(3)、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took
32、 several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)(4)、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧
33、嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)(5)、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼
34、)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)第二章 冠词英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。一、不定冠词的用法不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。1指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight
35、 hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rat
36、her a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.二、定冠词的用法定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play
37、the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
38、in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.三、 零冠词的用法1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前M
39、arch, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.一些习惯用语中不用如: at / to /
40、from / out of / after / for school; in / to/ for / after class; in / to / out of / into bed; after / at/ from / out of / to work; at / to sea; in / from / down / to town; at / from home; at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; at night/noon/midnight; on foot; go to school/bed; on top of; in front of;
41、on show/display/duty/watch; in / out of hospital; at all; on/in time; at first/last/once; in Chinese/English,etc.; take care of 第三章 代词一、代词的分类及用法英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her
42、, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some
43、/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either1、人称代词第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数主格I(我)you(你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)They(他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you(你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)Them(他们,她们,它们)(1)、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如: I often go
44、shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了?) / Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他!)(2)、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)(3)、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形
45、式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is it?(是谁?) Its I/me.(是我。)(4)、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youheI”的顺序表达。如:Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) You and me.(你和我)(5)、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:-Whats the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)Its fine.(天气晴好) / -Whats the time?(几点啦?) Its 12:00.(12点) / Its a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It i